Abstract
Abstract Corporate research and development (R&D) activities have long been highly concentrated in a handful of world cities. This is due to the fact that these cities (e.g., Tokyo, New York, London, and Paris) are home to the largest and most powerful transnational corporations and are globally important sites for innovative start-up firms that operate in the fastest growing industries. However, in tandem with the rapid technological changes of our age, corporate R&D activities have shifted towards newly emerging and now globally significant R&D centres, like San Jose, San Francisco, and Boston in the United States, and Beijing, Seoul, and Shenzhen in East Asia. In this paper, I will conduct a bibliometric analysis to define which cities are centres of corporate R&D activities, how different industries influence their performance, and what spatial tendencies characterise the period from 1980 to 2014. The bibliometric analysis is based upon an assumption that implies there is a close connection between the number of scientific articles published by a given firm and the volume of its R&D activity. Results show that firms headquartered in Tokyo, New York, London, and Paris published the largest combined number of scientific articles in the period from 1980 to 2014, but that the growth rate of the annual output of scientific articles was much greater in Boston, San Jose, Beijing, and Seoul, as well as some Taiwanese cities. Furthermore, it can also be seen that those cities that have the largest number of articles; i.e., that can be considered as the most significant sites of corporate R&D in which firms operate in fast-growing industries, are primarily in the pharmaceutical and information technology industries. For these reasons, some mid-sized cities that are home to globally significant pharmaceutical or information technology firms are also top corporate R&D hubs.
Highlights
Since the beginning of the 1970s, but even in the past quarter century, the rate at which the global economy is restructuring has rapidly increased
The bibliometric analysis is based upon an assumption that implies there is a close connection between the number of scientific articles published by a given firm and the volume of its research and development (R&D) activity
Previous studies underline the fact that most R&D-oriented firms are involved in high-tech industries, and as such, they publish the largest number of scientific publications (Godin, 1996; Chang, 2014)
Summary
Since the beginning of the 1970s, but even in the past quarter century, the rate at which the global economy is restructuring has rapidly increased. Defensive publication has become a widely used tool for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to protect intellectual property instead of patenting innovations This choice of strategy has several reasons behind it; the two most important ones are that patent applications are too expensive for SMEs (primarily in the United States), and it takes an average of two years from the date of filing to process an application (The New York Times, 2002). According to Kneller et al (2014), “motivations for firms to engage with universities include accessing complementary research expertise for future business development, for products that are in the design or early development stage, small or new firms tend to rely on universities for their core technologies.” The results of this kind of collaboration can be patentable innovations (which are important to the firm), as well as joint scientific publications (which are important to academicians) (RamosVielba 2010). It is needed to be mentioned that articles can be written by multiple authors who affiliate to multiple organizations, i.e. a given article can be assigned to one, but multiple corporations
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