Abstract
Surface snowmelt causes changes in mass and energy balance, and endangers the stabilities of the ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). The dynamic changes of the snow and ice conditions in the AP were observed by Sentinel-1 images with a spatial resolution of 40 m in this study. Snowmelt detected by the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) is used to study the relationship between summer snowmelt and winter synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter. Radar glacier zones (RGZs) classifications were conducted based on their differences in liquid snow content, snow grain size, and the relative elevations. We developed a practical method based on the simulations of a microwave scattering model to classify RGZs by using Sentinel-1 images in the AP. The summer snowmelt detected by SSM/I and Sentinel-1 data are compared between 2014 and 2015. The SSM/I-derived melting days is used to validate the winter dry snow line (DSL). RGZs derived from Sentinel-1 images suggest that snowmelt expanded from inland of the Larsen C Ice Shelf to the coastal area, whereas an opposite direction was found in the George VI Ice Shelf. The long melting season in the grounding zone of the Larsen C Ice Shelf may result from the adiabatically-dried föhn winds on the east side of the AP. As the uppermost limit of summer snowmelt, DSL was mapped based on the winter Sentinel-1 mosaic of the AP. Compared with the SSM/I-derived melting days, the winter DSL mainly distributed in the areas melted for one to three days in summer. DSL elevations on the Palmer Land increased from south to north.
Highlights
The seasonal and interannual changes of freeze–thaw cycles on ice sheets result in the formations of different glacier facies
We developed a practical method based on the simulations of a microwave scattering model to classify summer Radar glacier zones (RGZs) by using Sentinel-1 images in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) (Section 3)
RGZ and dry snow line (DSL) mapped by Sentinel-1 in this study are not validated directly because of the lack of in situ observations
Summary
The seasonal and interannual changes of freeze–thaw cycles on ice sheets result in the formations of different glacier facies. Wet snow absorbs significantly more incident solar radiation than dry snow because of the much lower albedo. The increased solar radiation absorption leads to a positive feedback to produce more snowmelt [1]. Snowmelt plays an important role in the mass and energy balance of the polar regions. The temporal and spatial distribution of snowmelt leads to the formation of different glacier facies, and the variations in glacier facies represent the changes of climate [2,3]. The Antarctic ice shelf snowmelt is sensitive to climate change [4]. As the northernmost part of the Antarctic continent, warming in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) was reported more rapidly than in the rest of Antarctica [5]
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