Abstract
<p>Living spaces are a crucial component of communities and social interactions, whereas the vertical structure of buildings in these spaces, particularly at a large-scale, has received limited attention yet. Here, we produced a detailed height map of each building in the conterminous United States (US) in circa 2020. Leveraging multi-source satellite observations and building footprint data, our study aimed to shed light on the spatial variations in building heights and their implications to measure the inequality of living spaces. Our results revealed a significant spatial variation in building heights, with downtown areas exhibiting an average height of 12.4m, more than double the average height of suburban areas at 5.4m. Moreover, our study highlighted the urban-rural gap in living spaces, with urban regions offering limited living spaces compared to rural areas. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in urban planning and lays the foundation for future investigations aimed at improving living conditions and fostering sustainable communities.</p>
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