Abstract
BackgroundInsecticide resistance in malaria vectors is an increasing threat to vector control tools currently deployed in endemic countries. Resistance management must be an integral part of National Malaria Control Programmes’ (NMCPs) next strategic plans to alleviate the risk of control failure. This obviously will require a clear database on insecticide resistance to support the development of such a plan. The present work gathers original data on insecticide resistance between 2009 and 2015 across Côte d’Ivoire in West Africa.MethodsTwo approaches were adopted to build or update the resistance data in the country. Resistance monitoring was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 35 sentinel sites across the country using the WHO standard procedure of susceptibility test on adult mosquitoes. Four insecticide families (pyrethroids, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates) were tested. In addition to this survey, we also reviewed the literature to assemble existing data on resistance between 2009 and 2015.ResultsHigh resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorides and carbamates were widespread in all study sites whereas some Anopheles populations remained susceptible to organophosphates. Three resistance mechanisms were identified, involving high allelic frequencies of kdr L1014F mutation (range = 0.46–1), relatively low frequencies of ace-1R (below 0.5) and elevated activity of insecticide detoxifying enzymes, mainly mixed function oxidases (MFO), esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in almost all study sites.ConclusionThis detailed map of resistance highlights the urgent need to develop new vector control tools to complement current long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) although it is yet unclear whether these resistance mechanisms will impact malaria transmission control. Researchers, industry, WHO and stakeholders must urgently join forces to develop alternative tools. By then, NMCPs must strive to develop effective tactics or plans to manage resistance keeping in mind country-specific context and feasibility.
Highlights
Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is an increasing threat to vector control tools currently deployed in endemic countries
The widespread use of insecticides for agricultural, domestic or public health purpose has led to the rapid development of insecticide resistance, which constitutes a serious threat to the efficacy of the current arsenal
There were still some appreciable levels of mortality with this insecticide among populations from the east side (Adzope and Abengourou) (91–97% mortality) and one place in the centre (Tokohiri) (92%), they fall within World Health Organization (WHO) range for suspicion of resistance
Summary
Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is an increasing threat to vector control tools currently deployed in endemic countries. The fifteen products recommended for IRS belong to four chemical classes (carbamates, organochlorides, Camara et al Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:19 organophosphates and pyrethroids) but only pyrethroid insecticides are currently used in the manufacture of LLINs. the widespread use of insecticides for agricultural, domestic or public health purpose has led to the rapid development of insecticide resistance, which constitutes a serious threat to the efficacy of the current arsenal. The widespread use of insecticides for agricultural, domestic or public health purpose has led to the rapid development of insecticide resistance, which constitutes a serious threat to the efficacy of the current arsenal Resistance to these compounds has been largely described in human disease vectors, especially in the African malaria vectors [7,8,9]
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