Mapping gauged Q -balls

Julian Heeck,Arvind Rajaraman,Christopher B Verhaaren,Rebecca Riley

doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.116004

Abstract

Scalar field theories with particular U(1)-symmetric potentials contain non-topological soliton solutions called Q-balls. Promoting the U(1) to a gauge symmetry leads to the more complicated situation of gauged Q-balls. The soliton solutions to the resulting set of nonlinear differential equations have markedly different properties, such as a maximal possible size and charge. Despite these differences, we discover a relation that allows one to extract the properties of gauged Q-balls (such as the radius, charge, and energy) from the more easily obtained properties of global Q-balls. These results provide a new guide to understanding gauged Q-balls as well as providing simple and accurate analytical characterization of the Q-ball properties.

Highlights

Q-balls are stable nontopological solitons that can arise in theories involving complex scalars φ [1]
In the case of global Q-balls, φ carries a conserved global charge and the solitons are stabilized by a scalar potential that provides an attractive force [3]
We reveal a close connection between global Q-balls and gauged Q-balls

Summary

Introduction

Q-balls are stable nontopological solitons that can arise in theories involving complex scalars φ [1] (for a review, see Ref. [2]). In the case of global Q-balls, φ carries a conserved global charge and the solitons are stabilized by a scalar potential that provides an attractive force [3]. It was shown that almost all aspects of global Q-balls can be understood essentially analytically, even for potentials which are not exactly solvable [13]. Accurate analytical expressions were obtained for global Q-ball properties such as radius, charge, and energy in some nonsolvable scenarios which essentially obviate the need for numerical studies [13]. It appears that for all intents and purposes single-field global Q-balls are a solved problem

Methods

Results

Conclusion