Mapping cortical excitability in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Abstract

BackgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is an effective treatment for depression, but the neural effects after TMS remains unclear. TMS paired with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) can causally probe these neural effects. Nonetheless, variability in single pulse TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) across dlPFC subregions, and potential artifact induced by muscle activation, necessitate detailed mapping for accurate treatment monitoring. ObjectiveTo characterize early TEPs anatomically and temporally (20–50 ms) close to the TMS pulse (EL-TEPs), as well as associated muscle artifacts (<20 ms), across the dlPFC. We hypothesized that TMS location and angle influence EL-TEPs, and specifically that conditions with larger muscle artifact may exhibit lower observed EL-TEPs due to over-rejection during preprocessing. Additionally, we sought to determine an optimal group-level TMS target and angle, while investigating the potential benefits of a personalized approach. MethodsIn 16 healthy participants, we applied single-pulse TMS to six targets within the dlPFC at two coil angles and measured EEG responses. ResultsStimulation location significantly influenced observed EL-TEPs, with posterior and medial targets yielding larger EL-TEPs. Regions with high EL-TEP amplitude had less muscle artifact, and vice versa. The best group-level target yielded 102% larger EL-TEP responses compared to other dlPFC targets. Optimal dlPFC target differed across subjects, suggesting that a personalized targeting approach might boost the EL-TEP by an additional 36%. SignificanceEL-TEPs can be probed without significant muscle-related confounds in posterior-medial regions of the dlPFC. The identification of an optimal group-level target and the potential for further refinement through personalized targeting hold significant implications for optimizing depression treatment protocols.