Abstract
Coordinate systems are an integral part of modern surveying and geomatics. This chapter focuses primarily on georeferenced coordinate systems, or spatial reference systems, which range in extent from global to local. When a map projection is associated with a specific geodetic datum, it is called a projected coordinate system (PCS). State plane coordinate systems are multizone systems of conformal PCSs in which each zone is designed using transverse mercator, lambert conformal conic, or Hotine oblique mercator projections. Map projection linear distortion is manifested as a difference in distance between a pair of projected coordinates and the true horizontal distance at the surface of the Earth. Also explored are large-scale conformal projected coordinate systems for surveying engineering, which became common in the United States after the creation of the State Plane Coordinate System in the 1930s by the National Geodetic Survey.
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