Many-body localization and transition by density matrix renormalization group and exact diagonalization studies

Abstract

A many-body localized (MBL) state is a new state of matter emerging in a disordered interacting system at high energy densities through a disorder driven dynamic phase transition. The nature of the phase transition and the evolution of the MBL phase near the transition are the focus of intense theoretical studies with open issues in the field. We develop an entanglement density matrix renormalization group (En-DMRG) algorithm to accurately target the entanglement patterns of highly excited states for MBL systems. By studying the one dimensional Heisenberg spin chain in a random field, we demonstrate the high accuracy of the method in obtaining statistical results of quantum states in the MBL phase. Based on large system simulations by En-DMRG for excited states, we demonstrate some interesting features in the entanglement entropy distribution function, which is characterized by two peaks; one at zero and another one at the quantized entropy $S=ln2$ with an exponential decay tail on the $S>ln2$ side. Combining En-DMRG with exact diagonalization simulations, we demonstrate that the transition from the MBL phase to the delocalized ergodic phase is driven by rare events where the locally entangled spin pairs develop long-range power-law correlations. The corresponding phase diagram contains an intermediate regime, which has power-law spin-z correlations resulting from contributions of the rare events. We discuss the physical picture for the numerical observations in the intermediate regime, where various distribution functions are distinctly different from results deep in the ergodic and MBL phases for finite-size systems. Our results may provide new insights for understanding the phase transition in such systems.