Abstract
High glucose and fructose intake have been proven to display pro-inflammatory roles during the progression of inflammatory diseases. However, mannose has been shown to be a special type of hexose that has immune regulatory functions. In this review, we trace the discovery process of the regulatory functions of mannose and summarize some past and recent studies showing the therapeutic functions of mannose in inflammatory diseases. We conclude that treatment with mannose can suppress inflammation by inducing regulatory T cells, suppressing effector T cells and inflammatory macrophages, and increasing anti-inflammatory gut microbiome. By summarizing all the important findings, we highlight that mannose treatment is a safe and promising novel strategy to suppress inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disease and allergic disease.
Highlights
Sugar intake, mainly glucose and fructose, within generic diets has increased dramatically during the past century
We summarize the mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects mediated by mannose treatment, highlight mannose treatment as a promising strategy to suppress inflammation, and point to the remaining key questions that need to be addressed urgently in further studies
Provided a fascinating new insight into the beneficial effects of this unique sugar (Figure 1) [10]. These findings suggested that mannose could be a safe dietary supplement to promote immune tolerance and to treat/prevent human diseases associated with autoimmunity and allergy [29]
Summary
Mainly glucose and fructose, within generic diets has increased dramatically during the past century. Mannose Suppresses Inflammation macrophages, and induce liver inflammation [7] Another two studies reported that dietary simple sugars alter microbial ecology in the gut and promote colitis and EAE in mice [8, 9]. Provided a fascinating new insight into the beneficial effects of this unique sugar (Figure 1) [10] These findings suggested that mannose could be a safe dietary supplement to promote immune tolerance and to treat/prevent human diseases associated with autoimmunity and allergy [29]. One study reported that mannose treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could induce more Treg cells via the suppression of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) produced by MSCs [33]. All these findings show that mannose can suppress inflammation via induction of Treg cells and suppression of Teff cells
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