Abstract
Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses, while plant growth regulators, such as auxins, brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GAs), also contribute to plant immunity. To successfully colonize plants, filamentous pathogens like fungi and oomycetes have evolved diverse strategies to interfere with phytohormone pathways with the help of secreted effectors. These include proteins, toxins, polysaccharides as well as phytohormones or phytohormone mimics. Such pathogen effectors manipulate phytohormone pathways by directly altering hormone levels, by interfering with phytohormone biosynthesis, or by altering or blocking important components of phytohormone signaling pathways. In this review, we outline the various strategies used by filamentous phytopathogens to manipulate phytohormone pathways to cause disease.
Highlights
Filamentous plant pathogens, like fungi and oomycetes, cause severe crop yield losses annually (Fisher et al, 2012)
While the suppression of protein 1 (PR-1) levels by oomycete pathogen effectors is in line with their sterol auxotrophy and the sterol-binding activity of PR-1, it is presently not evident why the necrotrophic fungus S. sclerotiorum, a sterol prototroph, should secrete the cerato-platanin-like SsCP1 effector that directly interacts with A. thaliana PR-1 in the apoplast (Figure 1A; Yang et al, 2018b)
Studies in recent years have uncovered that most filamentous plant pathogens use interference with hormonal pathways as an effective strategy to promote colonization
Summary
Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses, while plant growth regulators, such as auxins, brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GAs), contribute to plant immunity. Filamentous pathogens like fungi and oomycetes have evolved diverse strategies to interfere with phytohormone pathways with the help of secreted effectors. These include proteins, toxins, polysaccharides as well as phytohormones or phytohormone mimics.
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