Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus elicits gastroenteritis by deploying Type III Secretion Systems (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins into epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. The bacteria must adhere to the human cells to allow colonization and operation of the TTSS translocation apparatus bridging the bacterium and the host cell. This article first reviews recent advances in identifying the molecules responsible for intercellular adherence. V. parahaemolyticus possesses two TTSS, each of which delivers an exclusive set of effectors and mediates unique effects on the host cell. TTSS effectors primarily target and alter the activation status of host cell signaling proteins, thereby bringing about changes in the regulation of cellular behavior. TTSS1 is responsible for the cytotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus, while TTSS2 is necessary for the enterotoxicity of the pathogen. Recent publications have elucidated the function of several TTSS effectors and their importance in the virulence of the bacterium. This review will explore the ability of the TTSS to manipulate activities of human intestinal cells and how this modification of cell function favors bacterial colonization and persistence of V. parahaemolyticus in the host.
Highlights
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the world’s leading causes of seafoodborne gastroenteritis
Upon infection of the human host V. parahaemolyticus utilizes a number of factors—mannose sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) pili, multivalent adhesion molecule 7 (MAM7), cell-associated hemagglutinin (cHA), T6SS, capsular polysaccharides (CPS), GlcNAc BINDING PROTEIN A (GbpA)—to attach to the epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract so that colonization can be initiated
Of these adhesins MAM7 and the MSHA pili interact with fibronectin, phosphatidic acid and specific glycans to establish cell-contact between the bacterium and the eukaryotic cell so that a fully functional translocation system can be built for the delivery of Three Secretion Systems (TTSS) effectors into the host cell cytosol
Summary
Pathogenic Mechanisms Research Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. Vibrio parahaemolyticus elicits gastroenteritis by deploying Type III Secretion Systems (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins into epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. The bacteria must adhere to the human cells to allow colonization and operation of the TTSS translocation apparatus bridging the bacterium and the host cell. V. parahaemolyticus possesses two TTSS, each of which delivers an exclusive set of effectors and mediates unique effects on the host cell. TTSS effectors primarily target and alter the activation status of host cell signaling proteins, thereby bringing about changes in the regulation of cellular behavior. This review will explore the ability of the TTSS to manipulate activities of human intestinal cells and how this modification of cell function favors bacterial colonization and persistence of V. parahaemolyticus in the host
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