Manipulation of aurophilicity in constructed clusters of gold(I) complexes with boosted luminescence and smart responsiveness

Abstract

High-performance luminescent gold(I) complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in various fields, but their construction is a significantly challenging task. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel dinuclear gold(I) complexes 1–4 based on 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene frameworks, where para-substitutions of benzene ring were employed for comparison and bulky t-butyl groups were introduced into carbazole ligands to assist flexibly regulating the aurophilicity. Among them, the structure of complex 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and all the complexes exhibited typical aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Due to the construction of intramolecular aurophilicity and the formation of molecular clusters, noticeable enhancement of the luminescent efficiency was achieved for the core complex 1. Together with the introduction of flexible t-butyl groups, good responsiveness towards external mechanical force and solvent vapors were also realized. Moreover, the specific bioimaging ability of complex 1 towards cancer cells was demonstrated. Thus, this work presents the crucial capability of aurophilic manipulation in tuning the luminescence and smart behaviors of gold complexes, and it will open a new route to developing high-performance luminescent materials.