Abstract
Abstract Sleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory. This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. A main focus lies on the relation between inter- and intraregional interactions and their electrophysiological representation. Methods for modulating neural oscillations with the intent of affecting memory consolidation are presented.
Highlights
Sleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory
This review focuses on the neural oscillations of the brain during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and their relationship to sleepassociated hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation
A sharp wave ripples (SPWRs) results from sequential activity in hippocampal subfields: pyramidal cell population bursting in CA3 (∼100 ms) produce a strong depolarization in CA1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites in conjunction with highfrequency firing in these cells at a frequency of 150–200 Hz in rodents and at ∼100 Hz in humans (Buzsáki, 2015)
Summary
This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. According to the two-stage model of memory consolidation after encoding using a fast information storage system (as the hippocampus), a subsequent (offline) transfer to a long-term storage site (neocortex) occurs. The neural oscillations characterizing NREM sleep and associated with memory consolidation are introduced: the cortical slow oscillation (SO), thalamocortical sleep spindles, and hippocampal sharp wave ripples (SPWRs) As these neural oscillations reflect activity within specific brain regions involved in the presumed transfer of memory representations, the endogenous temporal coordination of these rhythms is presented next. In the last part of this review, some directions of future research are presented from the perspective of our own findings
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