Abstract
The Philippines is suggested to be one of the world's main contributors to global marine plastic pollution. Several rivers in the Manila metropolitan area are assumed to be main pathways of land-based plastic waste into the ocean. However, these model estimates remain uncertain due to a lack of field data. The main goal of this study was therefore to collect field data on floating macroplastic ($>$0.5 cm) flux and polymer category in three of Manila's main rivers: the Meycauayan, Tullahan and Pasig. We measured plastic flux, item polymer category, and flow velocity at two locations per river during an 11-day period. Each river was measured close to the river mouth, and several kilometer upstream. The results showed no significant difference between the plastic flux in upstream and downstream flow direction at the three river mouths. The Meycauayan and Pasig rivers did have significantly higher plastic flux at the river mouth compared to the upstream location. The observations suggest accumulation of macroplastics in the river mouths during periods of low freshwater discharge. In this case, instantaneous plastic flux is mainly determined by the tidal dynamics. It is hypothesized that plastics are temporarily retained in estuaries, and may be flushed out during neap tide or increased river discharge. Due to the retention capacity of the estuaries, net plastic export into the ocean could not be estimated. Future research is needed to further investigate the role of tidal dynamics on the transport and net export of riverine macroplastics.
Highlights
Plastic pollution of aquatic ecosystems is an emerging environmental hazard
Our observations demonstrate that current global river plastic export models are overlooking the complex tidal dynamics, which seem to play a key role in actual net export of plastics into the ocean
The Meycauayan, Tullahan, and Pasig rivers all showed no significant difference between downstream and upstream flowing plastic flux
Summary
Plastic pollution of aquatic ecosystems is an emerging environmental hazard. Negative effects of macroplastics (>0.5 cm) include endangerment of species, economic losses through damage to vessels, and increased urban flood risk because of clogging of hydraulic structures (Hong et al, 2017; Honingh et al, 2020; van Emmerik and Schwarz, 2020). The Philippines is considered to be one the largest contributors to marine plastic pollution (Jambeck et al, 2015; Lebreton et al, 2017; Lebreton and Andrady, 2019). Model estimates suggest that the Philippines is the third largest producer of mismanaged plastic waste (4.52 Mt y−1), after. Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org van Emmerik et al
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