Abstract
Background: Studies assessing mango consumption and the association with nutrient intake, diet quality, and health biomarkers are lacking. Methods: This study assessed these associations using a nationally representative sample of children 2-18 years (n=11,974; 50% female) and adults 19+ years (n=17,568; 48.8% female) participating in the 2001-2008 NHANES. Intake was determined from one day 24 hour dietary recalls. Covariate adjusted means, standard errors,and ANOVA for food groups, nutrients, and health biomarkers were determined using appropriate sample weights.Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005).Results: Average per capita consumption of mangoes by children and adults was 0.9 ± 0.2 g/d and 0.8 ± 0.1 g/d,respectively; average intake among consumers (n=103 children; n=117 adults) was 140.2 ± 6.06 g/d and 141 ± 7 g/d.In children, consumers had higher intakes of total (2.38 ± 0.26 v 1.07 ± 0.02 cup equivalents [CE]; p<0.0001) and whole fruit (1.53 ± 0.3 v 0.53 ± 0.0 CE; p=0.0002) than non-consumers. In adults, consumers had higher (p<0.0001) intakes of total (2.5 ± 0.2 v 1.0 ± 0.02 CE) and whole fruit (2.0 ± 0.2 v 0.6 ± 0.0 CE). Children (16.9 ± 1.8 v 21.6 ± 0.2 tsp eq; p=0.0098) and adults (17.6 ± 1.1 v 19.6 ± 0.3 tsp eq; p=0.0330) consuming mangoes had lower added sugar intakes. In adults, dietary fiber (p<0.0001) was higher in consumers (21.7 ± 1.3 v 15.8 ± 0.2 g/d; p<0.0001). In children, vitamin A intake (783.35 ± 73.86 v 583.04 ± 8.22 RAE mcg; p=0.0099) was higher in consumers. In children (2632.02 ± 172.68 v 2209.00 ± 17.09 mg/d; p=0.0157) and adults (3240 ± 98 v 2713 ± 14 mg/d; p<0.0001) potassium intake was higher in consumers. In children (57.42 ± 1.28 v 49.01 ± 0.28; p<0.0001) and adults (60.8 ± 1.3 v 50.9 ± 0.2; p<0.0001) HEI-2005 scores were higher in consumers. Adult mango consumers weighed less (77.4 ± 1.9 kg v 81.6 ± 0.4 kg; p=0.0455) than non-consumers. C-reactive protein levels were less (0.42 ± 0.01 mg/dL v 0.34 ± 0.04 mg/dL; p=0.0374) in consumers. Conclusion: Mangoes should be included in the diet as part of the fruit recommendation to complement other components of a healthy lifestyle.
Highlights
Mangoes are a stone fruit belonging to the tropical genus Mangifera
In children (2632.02 ± 172.68 v 2209.00 ± 17.09 mg/d; p=0.0157) and adults (3240 ± 98 v 2713 ± 14 mg/d; p
Mango consumption was associated with higher intake of total fruit, higher intakes of and potassium in children and adults; mean calcium intake was higher in children and mean dietary fiber intake was higher in adults
Summary
Mangoes are a stone fruit belonging to the tropical genus Mangifera. There are several species; M. indica L is the most commonly cultivated and is available worldwide. The Economic Research Service estimated in 2009 that per capita availability, adjusted for loss was 0.084 lbs/year [2]. One cup (165 grams [g]) of raw mango provides approximately 100 kilocalories (Kcals), 23 g total sugars, 3 g dietary fiber, nearly 1,800 IU vitamin A, 60 mg vitamin C, 16 mg magnesium, and 280 mg potassium [3]. One cup of raw mangos can provide 7-12% of the Dietary Reference Intake for dietary fiber (depending on the age and gender of the individual), 80% and 100% of the Estimated Average Requirements of vitamin C for males and females, respectively, and approximately 6% of the Adequate Intake for potassium [4]. Mangos contain virtually no total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), or sodium, and no cholesterol [3]. Studies assessing mango consumption and the association with nutrient intake, diet quality, and health biomarkers are lacking
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