Abstract
Objective: The current study aimed to investigate and compare the efficiency of the total extract and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Mangifera indica leaves to attenuate iron overload-induced hepatic and splenic dysfunctions, using an in-vivo iron-overload rat model. Methods: Rats received water supplemented with iron for 2 months, followed by treatment with either total extract or EtOAc extract of M. indica leaves for an extra 2 months. Results: Rats treated with EtOAc fraction of M. indica leaves, and the total extract, had significantly diminished iron accumulation within hepatic and splenic tissues. Both extracts normalized the hepatic enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin. Moreover, they restored the oxidants/antioxidants balance within the liver and spleen tissues. Additionally, they suppressed HO-1 levels, increased Nrf2 expression, and downregulated MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Briefly, M. indica extracts showed iron-chelation, antioxidant, and antifibrotic potentials. These findings pointed out the usefulness of the mango leaves as a natural, affordable by-product in managing iron overload complications. However, the results also demonstrated that EtOAc extract is more accountable for such activities.
Highlights
Iron is an indispensable micronutrient that is vital for cellular integrity
The presence of iron in the interconvertible ferrous or ferric oxidation states is indispensable for normal biological functions of iron, yet it is critical, as free iron is a potent generator for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation products 2, 3
The splenic iron content was reduced by about 34% and 48%, respectively, all compared with Fe-overload group (Figure 1A and 1B)
Summary
Iron is an indispensable micronutrient that is vital for cellular integrity. It is an active part of the heme, responsible for transporting oxygen to different body tissues, as well as an integral part of electron-transport and several critical enzyme systems within the body 1. Either iron overload or deficiency states are deleterious and are accompanied by several health problems; it is crucial to maintain iron homeostasis within the body 4. The etiology of hemochromatosis is either hereditary, caused by mutations in proteins that regulate iron absorption, or acquired, caused by long-term iron supplementation as in chronic anemia and thalassemia patients 5
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