Abstract
Manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanomaterials have promising potential to be used as supercapacitor electrode materials due to its high energy storage performance and environmental compatibility. Besides, every year huge volume of waste batteries including Zn-C battery ends up in landfill, which aggravates the burden of waste disposal in landfill and creates environmental and health threat. Thus, transformation of waste battery back into energy application, is of great significance for sustainable strategies. Compared with complex chemical routes which mostly apply toxic acids to recover materials from Zn-C battery, this study establishes the recovery of Mn3O4 particles via thermal route within 900 °C under controlled atmosphere. Synthesized Mn3O4 were confirmed by XRD, EDS, FTIR, XPS and Raman analysis and FESEM micrographs confirmed the coexistence of spherical and cubic Mn3O4 particles. Mn3O4 electrode derived from waste Zn-C battery demonstrate compatible electrochemical performance with standard materials and conventional synthesis techniques. Mn3O4 electrode exhibited highest capacitance value of 125 Fg−1 at 5 mVs−1 scan rate. The stability of the electrode showed good retention in discharge and charge capacity by about 80% after 2100 cycles. This study demonstrates that waste Zn-C battery can be further utilized for energy storage application, providing sustainable and economic benefits.
Highlights
Supercapacitor become more attractive and efficient energy storage and conversion devices than batteries due to high specific power, long life cycle and fast charge-discharge rate[1]
Avoiding complex hydrometallurgical route for the metal separation, this study investigated the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for supercapacitor application derived from waste zinc-carbon battery (Zn-C) battery via simple thermal route
X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffraction peaks of spent battery powder shown in Fig. 1b confirmed the presence of mainly ZnMn2O4 and Zn5(OH)8Cl2H2O phases which formed due to the electro-chemical reaction within cathode and anode over time
Summary
Supercapacitor become more attractive and efficient energy storage and conversion devices than batteries due to high specific power, long life cycle and fast charge-discharge rate[1]. MnOx materials including Mn3O4 were substantially reported as supercapacitor electrode materials due to its environmental compatibility, low cost and good electrochemical performance compared to other oxides like ruthenium oxide[7]. A facile thermal nanosizing technique, to recover value-added materials from waste battery for supercapacitor application will be a perceptibly attractive and economically viable solution. It is vital to identify sustainable and viable solutions to recover value-added materials from waste batteries for different applications. Avoiding complex hydrometallurgical route for the metal separation, this study investigated the electrochemical performance of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for supercapacitor application derived from waste Zn-C battery via simple thermal route. This study for the first time reports the performance of Mn3O4, derived from waste Zn-C battery for supercapacitor application. As mining is energy-sensitive and non-sustainable, waste Zn-C battery as an urban mining resource for energy application will be a promising and sustainable solution for future
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