Abstract
A combination of hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) are here used to investigate the presence and chemical state of crossover manganese deposited on Li-ion battery anodes. The synchrotron-based experimental techniques—using HAXPES and NEXAFS analysis on the same sample in one analysis chamber—enabled us to acquire complementary sets of information. The Mn crossover and its influence on the anode interfacial chemistry has been a topic of controversy in the literature. Cells comprising lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LMO) cathodes and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anodes were investigated using LP40 (1 M LiPF6, EC:DEC 1:1) electrolyte. LTO electrodes at lithiated, delithiated, and open circuit voltage (OCV-stored) states were analyzed to investigate the potential dependency of the manganese oxidation state. It was primarily found that a solid surface layer was formed on the LTO electrode and that this layer contains deposited Mn from t...
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