Managing the Global Commons

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. National Security Council, “NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,” April 14, 1950, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm. 2. U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), “Quadrennial Defense Review,” February 2010, p. 8, http://www.defense.gov/QDR/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf. 3. See International Maritime Organization, “International Shipping: Carrier of World Trade,” 2005, http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D18900/IntShippingFlyerfinal.pdf. 4. See Air Transport Action Group, “The Economic & Social Benefits of Air Transport,” 2008, pp. 2–9, http://www.icao.int/ATWorkshop/ATAG_SocialBenefitsAirTransport.pdf. 5. Joseph Nye, “Recovering American Leadership,” Survival 50, no. 1 (February 2008): 63. This study is also informed by A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1987); Barry Posen, “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony,” International Security 28, no. 1 (Summer 2003): 5–46; Michele Flournoy and Shawn Brimley, “The Contested Commons,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 135, No. 7 (July 2009), http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/story.asp?STORY_ID=1950. 6. See National Intelligence Council, “Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World,” November 2008, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf. 7. See DOD, “Annual Report to Congress on the Military Power of the People's Republic of China,” 2009, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/China_Military_Power_Report_2009.pdf. 8. For an excellent summary of the rise of states with anti-access capabilities, see Andrew F. Krepinevich, “Why AirSea Battle?” February 2010, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20100219.Why_AirSea_Battle/R.20100219.Why_AirSea_Battle.pdf. 9. See Fariborz Haghshenass, “Iran's Asymmetric Naval Warfare,” Policy Focus, no. 87, September 2008, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pubPDFs/PolicyFocus87.pdf; Nasser Karimi and Lee Keath, “Iran Begins War Games in Persian Gulf Oil Route,” Associated Press, April 22, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100422/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_war_games; Caitlin Talmadge, “Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz,” International Security 33, no. 1 (Summer 2008): 82–117; U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence, “Iran's Naval Forces: From Guerilla Warfare to a Modern Naval Strategy,” Fall 2009, http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/oni/iran-navy.pdf. 10. Siobhan Gorman, Yochi Dreazen, and August Cole, “Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones,” Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126102247889095011.html. 11. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. xiv. 12. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 9. 13. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. iii and Michele Flournoy and Shawn Brimley, “The Contested Commons.” 14. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. vi. 15. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 32. 16. Quadrennial Defense Review, pp. 32–33. 17. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 33. 18. John T. Bennett, “Flournoy Defends QDR, Budget Focus on ‘High-End’ Ops,” FederalTimes.com, February 3, 2010, http://www.federaltimes.com/article/20100203/DEPARTMENTS01/2030303/0/TWITTER. 19. Michael Schumann, “How to Defeat Pirates: Success in the Strait,” Time, April 22, 2009, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1893032,00.html. 20. See Pew Charitable Trust, “Ratify Law of the Sea: U.S. National Security,” n.d., http://ratifylawofthesea.org/?page_id=17 and “Transcript of Hillary Clinton's Confirmation Hearing,” Council on Foreign Relations Essential Documents, January 13, 2009, http://www.cfr.org/publication/18225/transcript_of_hillary_clintons_confirmation_hearing.html. 21. See Timon Singh, “Space: The Final Junkyard,” EU Infrastructure, August 24, 2008, http://www.euinfrastructure.com/news/Space-The-Final-Junkyard/. 22. See Timon Singh, “Space: The Final Junkyard,” EU Infrastructure, August 24, 2008, http://www.euinfrastructure.com/news/Space-The-Final-Junkyard/. 23. See Robert D. Kaplan, “The Geography of Chinese Power,” Foreign Affairs 89, no. 3 (May/June 2010): 39–40. 24. Quadrennial Defense Review, pp. 14–15. 25. Quadrennial Defense Review, pp. 34–35. 26. Remarks by Rep. Michael Turner (R-OH), “Hearing of the Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on the Status of United States Strategic Forces,” March 16, 2010. 27. Remarks by Rep. Michael Turner (R-OH), “Hearing of the Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on the Status of United States Strategic Forces,” March 16, 2010, pp. 37–39. 28. DOD, “Bloggers Roundtable with Michael Nacht, Assitant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs, and Kathleen Hicks, Deputy Undersecretary of Defense,” February 3, 2010, http://www.dodlive.mil/files/2010/02/0203qdr-Nacht-and-Hicks.pdf. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAbraham M. DenmarkAbraham M. Denmark is a fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS). He is the coeditor and coauthor of “Contested Commons: The Future of American Power in a Multipolar World” (CNAS, January 2010). He can be followed on twitter: @AbeDenmark