Abstract
Air concentrations of and inhalation exposure to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene was monitored separately at two oil refineries from 1977 to 2014. Prevention policies and control measures that may explain changes were surveyed. The aim was to evaluate how the application of of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series OHSAS 18001.04 principles as well as Environmental protection Agency EPA and European Oil Company Organisation for Environment, Health and Safety CONCAWE practices have influenced air concentrations. Benzene air concentrations declined in 11 of 17 units, six of which were associated with declining exposures. Benzene air concentrations declined across all units on average by 46%. This amounts to an average yearly decline of 1.7%. TPH air concentrations declined in 10 of 17 units, seven of which were associated with declining exposures. The average decline in TPH air concentrations was 49%, corresponding to 1.3% per year. As a result, average working day exposure in 10 of 17 units have declined significantly and today, benzene and TPH exposure in most units are well below 10% of the current Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL8h:s). A decline in air concentrations have coincided with consistent implementation of control measures. Such measures include on-line monitoring of leaks; benzene recovery; floating container roofs; improved valves and seals; hermetic pumps; recovery of loading gases and instalment of torches in terminals; cutback in coke combustion; a new production line spanning directly from the dock to aromatics production; and recovery of loading gases in the doc. Other tools in exposure management include personal leak monitors, on-line measurements, monitoring campaigns, risk assessment, and availability and user training of protective equipment. However, improvements are still needed. Hydrocarbon or benzene air concentrations have not declined in 8 of 17 units, in some of which concentrations exceed 10% of the relevant OEL8h value. In addition, for benzene even 10% of the current OEL, 0.1 ppm, might still possess a risk. With this in mind, methods to estimate exposure at the refineries need to be improved to enable measuring benzene concentrations <0.1 ppm. Shut downs of the refinery have been associated with peaks in exposure concentrations. Consequently, effort should be placed on safe working methods pertaining to shutdowns. Also, the connection and detachment of hoses continues to be problematic from the point of view of controlling exposure.
Highlights
Mineral oil refineries handle vast amounts of raw oil and distillates as well as other oil-based products, mostly outdoors
Characteristic for the production lines in Porvoo is that while accidents, shut downs and operating disturbances have on occasion led to high benzene and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations, the air concentrations during normal working shifts have been fairly low during all of the years studied (Figures 1 and 2 and Table 2), with the inhalation exposures for the most part being close to or similar to ambient concentrations (Table 3)
Air concentrations of TPH and benzene have generally declined with time
Summary
Mineral oil refineries handle vast amounts of raw oil and distillates as well as other oil-based products, mostly outdoors. During turnarounds and periodic shutdowns, maintenance operations may lead to high exposures to hydrocarbons [3,4]. The present study was initiated by the finding that workers employed at the refineries during. 1967–1982, had a 2–3 fold risk of attaining kidney cancer, when compared to the general (reference) population [17,18], and that this increase may be associated with exposure to hydrocarbons (30–200 ◦ C). As all possible improvements are based on the safety management system of the company, we attained as much information as possible about measures taken that were initiated by corporate occupational health and safety strategies. The aim was to evaluate how the application of Occupational Health and Safety
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