Management of Vascular Injuries During Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Current Strategies and Simulation-Based Educational Paradigms

Abstract

Purpose of Review With fully endoscopic surgery rapidly emerging as a preferred modality of care in the minimally invasive approach to the ventral skull base, surgeons may increasingly encounter critical vascular structures reached via narrow corridors. Internal carotid artery (ICA) injury is a rare but much dreaded complication during endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA). We reviewed management strategies and outcomes following ICA injury during skull base surgery as well as currently available simulation teaching models.