Abstract
Vascular wilt diseases caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. are difficult to control and lead to increasing losses of many crops worldwide. It can cause disease on not only horticultural crops but also many economically important crops such vegetables, legumes, forest trees, woody and herbaceous plants. Reasons of this situation are various: (i) the specialization of crop production resulted in the accumulation of the pathogen in the soil, especially monoculture production; (ii) the lack of an efficient and safe soil fumigation method; (iii) the production in large amounts of survival structures—microslerotia and melanized hyphae that are resistant to chemical and biological degradation.Due to the lack of effective synthetic agents for eradication of V. dahliae from soil, considerable interest in this paper has been focused on biological control, especially the selection of microorganisms with mycoparasitic activity towards V. dahliae microsclerotia, that can decrease their number in soil. The main attention is paid on the Trichoderma fungi, non pathogenic Fusarium spp., Talaromyces flavus and bacteria Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Streptomyces spp. that are discussed in this review. In this work the suppressive effect of organic amendments against this soil-borne pathogen is also mentioned. In addition biofumigation using toxic plant materials, which is an approach to the soil-borne pathogen management could be an effective method to control diseases caused by V. dahliae.
Highlights
The fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is an economically important soil pathogen responsible for high yield losses of many crop species such as peppers, potatoes, strawberries, aubergines, lettuce, cauliflowers, cotton, sunflower and olive trees (Vallad et al 2004; Jabnoun-Khiareddine et al 2006; Meszka 2013; Bélair et al 2018; Lio et al 2019; Tükkan et al 2020; Wang et al 2021)
Plant diseases caused by this pathogen are very common, which is associated with the wide range of host plants and the widespread occurrence of this pathogen in the soil environment
The pathogen survives the period without the host plant in the form of microsclerotia of 40–80 μm
Summary
The fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is an economically important soil pathogen responsible for high yield losses of many crop species such as peppers, potatoes, strawberries, aubergines, lettuce, cauliflowers, cotton, sunflower and olive trees (Vallad et al 2004; Jabnoun-Khiareddine et al 2006; Meszka 2013; Bélair et al 2018; Lio et al 2019; Tükkan et al 2020; Wang et al 2021). In the research carried out by Smolińska et al (2010) a positive effect was obtained by adding rapeseed cake and mustard seed meal to the contaminated V. dahliae soil in which pepper was grown The addition of this material in the amount of 0.5% (w/v) positively influenced the development of plants and increased the yield of pepper compared to the infected control. It reduced the number of fungal colony-forming units isolated from soil. In study conducted by Mulero-Aparicio et al (2020), the non-pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum was the most effective treatment, achieving a total reduction of the inocullum density of V. dahliae in the naturally infested soil two months after planting. Inhibition of disease development in strawberry plants was accompanied by increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and as result, leaf water potential (Sowik et al 2016)
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