Management of Prosthetic Heart Valve Complications

Abstract

With greater awareness and treatment of valvular heart disease, there are now an increasing number of patients with prosthetic heart valves. However, replacement of a diseased valve with a prosthetic valve creates the opportunity for new and unique complications that once diagnosed require specific treatments. Complications which may occur depend not only on the type of prosthesis but also are influenced by clinical factors that are important to understand and may affect treatment strategies. Tissue prostheses tend to deteriorate over time while mechanical prostheses require anticoagulation with its attendant risks. The rate of serious prosthetic heart valve complications is approximately 3% per year. They include bleeding, systemic embolization, obstruction due to thrombus or pannus formation, patient-prosthesis mismatch, infective endocarditis, structural deterioration, prosthetic and peri-prosthetic regurgitation, and hemolysis. Importantly, the risk of prosthetic heart valve complications can be reduced by appropriate choices made at the time of surgery such as utilization of the correct prosthesis size and type. In addition, adherence to current guidelines for anticoagulation, endocarditis prophylaxis, and the timing of clinical and echocardiographic surveillance is also important to prevent complications. Should complications occur, rapid diagnosis, usually with echocardiography, is pivotal and can provide important hemodynamic as well as anatomic information critical to determining appropriate treatment and timing of surgical re-intervention if necessary. Optimal treatment of prosthetic heart valve complications remains a challenge and new treatment strategies continue to evolve.