Abstract
Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in the United States and Canada, and incidence rates have increased worldwide in recent decades. Currently, antibiotics are the mainstay treatments for both primary and recurrent CDI, but their efficacy is limited, prompting further therapies to be developed. Aim: This review summarizes current and emerging therapies in CDI management including antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, monoclonal antibodies, spore-based therapies, and vaccinations.
Highlights
IntroductionClostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence rates have increased worldwide in recent decades
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence rates have increased worldwide in recent decades.CDI is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States (US) [1] and costs an estimated $4.8 billion in acute care facilities alone [2]
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that requires oral ingestion to exert bacteriostatic effects against C. difficile via inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis [8]. It has long been a standard of care for both primary and recurrent CDI, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
Summary
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence rates have increased worldwide in recent decades. CDI is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in the United States (US) [1] and costs an estimated $4.8 billion in acute care facilities alone [2]. This figure does not include the increasing incidence of community-acquired CDI, which has nearly doubled in the past decade [3]. Given the limited efficacy of these antibiotics [6], further therapies have been pursued. These include fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), monoclonal antibodies, newer antibiotics, spore-based therapies, and vaccinations. This article updates our 2015 article and highlights key changes in CDI management [7]
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