Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) have been defined as ‘a morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart’ [1, 2]. A number of lesions and conditions are included under the umbrella of OPMD including (1) leukoplakia, (2) erythroplakia, (3) oral submucous fibrosis, (4) palatal lesions in reverse smokers, (5) oral lichen planus, (6) discoid lupus erythematosus and (7) actinic cheilitis [3]. In addition, rare inherited conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi’s anaemia, carry an increased incidence of oral cancer. Immunodeficiency due to the prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs or due to an underlying HIV infection may increase risk, and oral cancer has also been reported in patients suffering from chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A risk assessment tool for head and neck cancer is shown in Fig. 11.1.
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