Abstract
Exercise plays an important role in the physiology, often depending on its intensity, duration, and frequency. It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, it also increases antioxidant enzymes involved in the oxidative damage defense. Prolonged, acute, or strenuous exercise often leads to an increased radical production and a subsequent oxidative stress in the skeletal muscles, while chronic regular or moderate exercise results in a decrease in oxidative stress. Notably, under pathological state, such as obesity, aging, etc., ROS levels could be elevated in humans, which could be attenuated by proper exercise. Significantly, exercise stimulates the development of beige adipose tissue and potentially influence the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is known to be conducive to a metabolic balance through non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and may protect from oxidative stress. Exercise-related balance of the ROS levels is associated with a healthy metabolism in humans. In this review, we summarize the integrated effects of exercise on oxidative metabolism, and especially focus on the role of brown and beige adipose tissues in this process, providing more evidence and knowledge for a better management of exercise-induced oxidative stress.
Highlights
Physical activity benefits physiology in humans in many aspects, protecting from metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Parkinson’s disease, etc
Some groups have identified possible mechanisms involved in mediating the beneficial effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on BAT metabolism as described in section Brown Adipose Tissue Affects Skeletal Muscle Function
This review demonstrates reciprocal influences between skeletal muscle and thermogenic adipose tissues, contributing to the knowledge on the roles of brown and beige adipose tissues in the management of exercise-induced oxidative stress
Summary
Physical activity benefits physiology in humans in many aspects, protecting from metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Parkinson’s disease, etc. The effect of physical exercise on BAT function appears to be controversial according to findings in rodent experiments (Xu et al, 2011; Ignacio et al, 2012; Wu et al, 2014), physical exercise induces the development of beige adipose tissue in the murine white adipose tissue (WAT), mainly in the subcutaneous depot, a process that involves the mechanism of a crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (Bostrom et al, 2012). A crosstalk between skeletal muscle and brown/beige adipose tissue may play a role in the control of exercise-induced oxidative stress
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