Management of deep sacral and ischial pressure injuries with free-style local perforator flaps: A D+P+DPD model

Abstract

Previous reports on the treatment of sacral and ischial pressure injuries have not provided clear algorithms for surgical therapies. The objective of this study was to establish a reconstruction algorithm to guide the selection of an ideal free-style perforator flap that can be tailored to the defect in question. We used 23 perforator flaps to reconstruct 14 sacral and 8 ischial defects in 22 patients over 5 years. A reconstruction algorithm system was developed based on the anatomical features of the perforator vessels (diameter, D; pulsatility [++∼+++], P) and their position in the skin island (DPD) (ie, D+P+DPD). A perforator-based propeller flap was applied as the first-line choice; if this plan was not feasible, we applied an altered V-Y advancement model or another second-choice technique. All flaps survived, and only 1 patient experienced partial wound dehiscence, which healed by secondary intention. After an average follow-up period of 11.2 months, no patient experienced recurrence or infection. Free-style perforator flap selection is determined by pressure injury and the desired advantage of a specific approach. The use of free-style perforator-based propeller flaps allows a surgeon to transfer healthy tissue into the defect, shifts the suture line away from the bony prominence, and preserves additional future donor sites. In cases where unexpected variations are encountered, the V-Y advancement model or another technique can be used. The simplified surgical algorithm (D+P+DPD) can provide versatility and reliability, achieve a durable, natural esthetic outcome, and minimize injuries to future donor sites.