Abstract
Carcinoma of the bladder is a disease of the elderly. Bladder cancer is three times more common in males than in females and more common in whites than in blacks. Patients with bladder cancer have a 1% to 4% incidence of synchronous or metachronous upper tract urothelial tumors. There are many risk factors for urothelial cancer, classified into (1) Genetic (2) chemical exposure, and (3) chronic irritation. Genetic abnormalities associated with CIS include alterations in the retinoblastoma gene (Rb), p53, and PTEN. Chemical exposure has the most epidemiologic evidence to support it as an inciting agent (Aromatic amines, aniline dyes, and nitrites and nitrates). Chronic irritants include catheters, recurrent urinary track infections, Schistosoma haematobium, and irradiation. There are many studies that suggest high water consumption, vitamin intake, and various diets that are beneficial in preventing bladder cancer. However, none of these have shown any clear benefit with respect to prevention.
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