Abstract
Thus, it should be suspected in any patient withcirrhosis and GI bleeding. The diagnosis is established byemergency endoscopy when one of the following is observed:active variceal bleeding (blood spurting or oozing from avarix), a white nipple or clot adherent to a varix, or the pres-ence of blood in stomach and varices without other potentialsources of bleeding.Mortality resulting from AVB has greatly decreased in thelast 3 decades to the current rate of 15% to 20%. This isprobably because of effective treatments [endoscopy, vasoac-tive drugs, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)] as well as improved general medical care (antibioticprophylaxis, careful replacement of volemia, etc.).
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