Abstract
Monitoring of aquatic ecosystems has been historically accomplished by intensive campaigns of direct measurements (by probes and other boat instruments) and indirect extensive methods such as aero-photogrammetry and satellite detection. These measurements characterized the research in the last century, with significant but limited improvements within those technological boundaries. The newest advances in the field of smart devices and increased networking capabilities provided by emerging tools, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), offer increasing opportunities to provide accurate and precise measurements over larger areas. These perspectives also correspond to an increasing need to promptly respond to frequent catastrophic impacts produced by drilling stations and intense transportation activities of dangerous materials over ocean routes. The shape of coastal ecosystems continuously varies due to increasing anthropic activities and climatic changes, aside from touristic activities, industrial impacts, and conservation practices. Smart buoy networks (SBNs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and multi-sensor microsystems (MSMs) such as smart cable water (SCW) are able to learn specific patterns of ecological conditions, along with electronic “noses”, permitting them to set innovative low-cost monitoring stations reacting in real time to the signals of marine environments by autonomously adapting their monitoring programs and eventually sending alarm messages to prompt human intervention. These opportunities, according to multimodal scenarios, are dramatically changing both the coastal monitoring operations and the investigations over large oceanic areas by yielding huge amounts of information and partially computing them in order to provide intelligent responses. However, the major effects of these tools on the management of marine environments are still to be realized, and they are likely to become evident in the next decade. In this review, we examined from an ecological perspective the most striking innovations applied by various research groups around the world and analyzed their advantages and limits to depict scenarios of monitoring activities made possible for the next decade.
Highlights
IntroductionContaTinhiungs 3fa9rs,pietciisalesvtaidtieonnts ttrhaantsmmiattriinngeGmNoSnSidtoartainugsionfg nbaidtiureractlioennavlicroomnmmuennitcsatiisoanst.remendously wide field of study, taking advantage of various disciplines and comprising several aspecTtshiunsclufadri,ngitthise beivoildogenytofthspatecmiesa,rtihnee emcoolongityoroifnagquoafticnaetnuvriarlonemnvenirtosn, tmheentetschinsolaotrgeymoefnndeowudsleyvwiceids,eafniedldthoef scthuedmyi,sttarykionfgwaadtvearnatsargeevoefalveadriboyups rdoibsceisp, lwinieths athnedicnocmlupsiroinsinogf nseewveerrasl masapretcttosoilnscflourddinegtetchtieonbiaonlodgtyraonfssmpeiscsiieosn, .thAe ceocmolopgleyteoaf naaqluyastiiscoefnavllirtohnemseeanstps,etchtse ctaenchnnoot lboegyacohfienveewd daenvdicdesis,caunsdsetdhewcihtheimniastrsyinogflewliatteerratausrreesvyenaltehdesbisy. pFroorbtehs,iswrietahsothne, hinecreluwsieonanoaflynzewe tehrescmuarrrtentotoliltsefroartudreetetoctpiornesaenndt steravnesrmali(sbsuiotnn.oAt nceocmespslaerteilyanaalll)yrseisceonftalyll dtheevseeloapsepdecmtsectahnondootlobgeieaschainedvetdecahnndoldoigsiceusstsoedimwpirthoivne amsainrignlee mlitoenraittourriensgymntehtehsoisd.sFionr othrdiserretoashoing,hhliegrhet wneewantraelnydzse atnhde cmuordreenrnt lpiteerrsapteucrteivteospornesthenetstsuedveyroafl c(bouasttnaloatnndecoefsfsshaorirley eanllv)irroecnemnetlnytsd,ewvheliochpeadremchetahnogdinoglofgaisetsdaunedthteecihnntroolodguicetsiotno oimf ipmrpovoertamnatriinnneomvaotnioitnosr.inIng amdedtihtioodns, wineoirndterordtoucheigsholmigehnt enwewlytdreenvdelsoapnedd mtooodlsearnndpeexrsppeercimtiveenstaolndtahtae sctoulldeyctoefdcaotaosutarl laanbdoroaftfosrhyoirne oerndveirrotonmbreonatds,enwthhiechanaarleyscihsaonfgcionagstfalstodoulse wthitehinthtreoidnutrcotdiounctoiof nimofpsomrtanrtt siennnsoovrastaionnds.auIntoandodmitoiuons ,mwoeniitnotrriondgubcueosyosm, feacnileitwatliyngdevvideeloopmedontoitolrsinagnadnedxipmermimedeinattael adnastwa ecrosllteoctcerditiactaloeuvrelnatbso. ratory in order to broaden the analysis of coastal tools with the introduction of smart sensors and autonomous monitoring buoys, facilitating video 2m
We examined from an ecological perspective the most striking innovations applied by various research groups around the world and analyzed their advantages and limits to depict scenarios of monitoring activities made possible for the decade
In the case of the Mediterranean, for example, which is almost completely surrounded by lands, ecosystems may be extremely fragile and vulnerable because their waters are slowly renewable, making them sensitive to all kinds of pollutants, especially when derived from commercial traffic, industrial pollution, or touristic activities [179]
Summary
ContaTinhiungs 3fa9rs,pietciisalesvtaidtieonnts ttrhaantsmmiattriinngeGmNoSnSidtoartainugsionfg nbaidtiureractlioennavlicroomnmmuennitcsatiisoanst.remendously wide field of study, taking advantage of various disciplines and comprising several aspecTtshiunsclufadri,ngitthise beivoildogenytofthspatecmiesa,rtihnee emcoolongityoroifnagquoafticnaetnuvriarlonemnvenirtosn, tmheentetschinsolaotrgeymoefnndeowudsleyvwiceids,eafniedldthoef scthuedmyi,sttarykionfgwaadtvearnatsargeevoefalveadriboyups rdoibsceisp, lwinieths athnedicnocmlupsiroinsinogf nseewveerrasl masapretcttosoilnscflourddinegtetchtieonbiaonlodgtyraonfssmpeiscsiieosn, .thAe ceocmolopgleyteoaf naaqluyastiiscoefnavllirtohnemseeanstps,etchtse ctaenchnnoot lboegyacohfienveewd daenvdicdesis,caunsdsetdhewcihtheimniastrsyinogflewliatteerratausrreesvyenaltehdesbisy. pFroorbtehs,iswrietahsothne, hinecreluwsieonanoaflynzewe tehrescmuarrrtentotoliltsefroartudreetetoctpiornesaenndt steravnesrmali(sbsuiotnn.oAt nceocmespslaerteilyanaalll)yrseisceonftalyll dtheevseeloapsepdecmtsectahnondootlobgeieaschainedvetdecahnndoldoigsiceusstsoedimwpirthoivne amsainrignlee mlitoenraittourriensgymntehtehsoisd.sFionr othrdiserretoashoing,hhliegrhet wneewantraelnydzse atnhde cmuordreenrnt lpiteerrsapteucrteivteospornesthenetstsuedveyroafl c(bouasttnaloatnndecoefsfsshaorirley eanllv)irroecnemnetlnytsd,ewvheliochpeadremchetahnogdinoglofgaisetsdaunedthteecihnntroolodguicetsiotno oimf ipmrpovoertamnatriinnneomvaotnioitnosr.inIng amdedtihtioodns, wineoirndterordtoucheigsholmigehnt enwewlytdreenvdelsoapnedd mtooodlsearnndpeexrsppeercimtiveenstaolndtahtae sctoulldeyctoefdcaotaosutarl laanbdoroaftfosrhyoirne oerndveirrotonmbreonatds,enwthhiechanaarleyscihsaonfgcionagstfalstodoulse wthitehinthtreoidnutrcotdiounctoiof nimofpsomrtanrtt siennnsoovrastaionnds.auIntoandodmitoiuons ,mwoeniitnotrriondgubcueosyosm, feacnileitwatliyngdevvideeloopmedontoitolrsinagnadnedxipmermimedeinattael adnastwa ecrosllteoctcerditiactaloeuvrelnatbso. ratory in order to broaden the analysis of coastal tools with the introduction of smart sensors and autonomous monitoring buoys, facilitating video 2m. Ratory in order to broaden the analysis of coastal tools with the introduction of smart sensors and autonomous monitoring buoys, facilitating video 2m. The technological limits of probes and transmission devices must be taken into account w2.hSeennpslianngnainngdine-nNovoasteisve monitoring stations and vessels. Some critical issues impose specific rTeqhueirteemchennotslofgoircpalrolbimesitasnodfmpornoibteosrinagndstattriaonnssm, iinscsliuondindgevsiimcepslimciutys,taubetontaokmeny [i1n0t]o, aadccaoputanbtilwithy,esncapllaabninliitnyg, ainndnorvoabtuivstenmesosn[1it1o]r.inSogmsteatfieoantus raensdshvoeussldelsb.eSaosmsuerecdritdicuael tiosstuhees himarpshoscehsapraecctiefircisrteicqsuoirfetmheenmtsarfionrepernovbierosnamndenmtso[n1i2t]o.rAinmg osntagtitohness,e,inwcleundeinedg tsoimadpdlirceitsys, tahuetofonlolomwyin[g10s]p, eacdifiacpatlalybi[l1it3y],: scalability, and robustness [11]. Stability of communications: specific techniques must be adapted to bad weather conditions (that can affect the stability of radio signals) and to the oscillation of the antennas due to waves and storms, which can cause unstable communications [14];. Costs: energy storage and collection (eventually using energy accumulators) must be considered due to long communication distances and the need for probe functioning, data storage and transmission, and motion structures;
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