Abstract
This paper introduces the management control of a microgrid comprising of photovoltaic panels, battery, supercapacitor, and DC load under variable solar irradiation. The battery is used to store the energy from the photovoltaic panels or to supply the load. The supercapacitor is used to reduce stress on batteries, improve their life cycle, and absorb the fluctuations in the energy produced. The generated photovoltaic power is optimized using Perturb and Observe and Incremental Conductance algorithms to extract the maximum power point tracking. The two algorithms are modified by adding an instantaneous step size to change the direction of the power, so as to reach the maximum power point tracking. The currents of the battery and supercapacitor are managed and controlled using the multi-loop proportional integral controllers. The obtained results show that the multi-loop proportionally integral controllers Perturb and Observe are better than the multi-loop proportional integral controllers Incremental Conductance in terms of stability of injected power. The storage system works perfectly for energy supply, system protection, and fluctuation absorption during the transitions in the solar irradiation. The proposed hybrid storage system can be installed in rural areas as an off-grid system for several uses.
Highlights
The results show that the linearization model improves the produced power from the photovoltaic system and reduces the impact of any change in the solar irradiation
Solarthe irradiation and constant temperature in the MATLAB/Simulink.(2019a, MathWorks, Natick, state of charge (SOC) is less than 95%
The photovoltaic array is optimized using two algorithms to track the maximum of the generated energy power, and the DC-link voltage is controlled to supply the DC load by the desired energy power
Summary
The domains of renewable energy sources and photovoltaic systems have undergone rapid development and have become extremely popular. Due to its lower maintenance costs and low emissions, photovoltaic system electricity production became the primary source of renewable energy and can considerably reduce the system fuel costs. The main challenges are the instability, nonlinearity, and complexity of the photovoltaic characteristics. The photovoltaic generator is widely used in various fields to produce the electricity in off-grid or grid connected with storage system. The photovoltaic system is used with battery and supercapacitor as off-grid hybrid photovoltaic system to store the energy and supply the load when there is no energy produced from the main source of the system as Energies 2020, 13, 3043; doi:10.3390/en13123043 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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