Abstract
Discovering new natural resources of polyphenols is the aim of many recent studies in the field of natural product research. This study tentatively investigated the polyphenols profile of the stems of seven Mammillaria species (M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, M. hahniana, M. crucigera, M. candida, M. albilanata, and M. muehlenpfordtii) using high performance liquid chromatography with DAD detector (HPLC-DAD) method. Furthermore, the anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial potentials of these extracts as well as major identified phenols were explored. The HPLC-DAD study confirmed the availability of six phenolic acids, including gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The dominant compounds were: gentisic acid in M. rhodantha and M. spinosissima; chlorogenic acid in M. muehlenpfordtii, M. crucigera, and M. rhodantha; and caffeic acid in M. rhodantha, M. crucigera, and M. spinosissima. Stems of Mammillaria sp. showed antiproliferative effects against HeLa, MCF-7, and Jurkat cells. In HeLa and MCF-7 cells, the best antiproliferative activities were found in the treatments with M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, and M. muehlenpfordtii. The apoptotic assay of M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, and M. muehlenpfordtii showed accumulation of necrotic cells in the early and late apoptotic phase. M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, and M. muehlenpfordtii showed the highest anti-oxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching, and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) assays. M. rhodantha was the best source of antioxidants. Mammillaria sp. showed moderate anti-bacterial effects against bacteria and the highest effects were found using the extracts of M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, M. crucigera and M. muehlenpfordtii against most bacteria. The anti-bacterial activities were attributed to other phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid) than gentisic acid, which was not active against most bacteria. Mammillaria sp. could be considered to be an important natural source of phenolic acids with anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities.
Highlights
Polyphenols are commonly found in cereals, fruit, vegetables, and beverages
Some phenolic acids are recognized as strong anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial metabolites [2,8,9,10,11,12]
The seven Mammillaria species—M. rhodantha, M. spinosissima, M. hahniana, M. crucigera, M. candida, M. albilanata, and M. muehlenpfordtii—under HPLC-DAD qualitative and quantitative study showed that six phenols were present in all the species, which are gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Summary
Polyphenols are commonly found in cereals, fruit, vegetables, and beverages. other resources are being explored such as tree barks [1,2] and fungi [3]. Polyphenols play an important role in controlling several diseases including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, hypertension, and asthma, and act as antiaging compounds [4]. The application of polyphenols as anti-cancer is mainly attributed to their protective effects and they act as inhibitors for tumor growth and dissemination. The mechanism of action of polyphenols on tumors include antiproliferation, apoptosis, stimulating cell cycle arrest, anti-oxidant mechanism, and induction of detoxification enzymes, molecular regulation of cancer related genes, and anti-inflammatory activity [5,6,7]. One of the most important groups of plant polyphenols are flavonoids and phenolic acids. Some phenolic acids are recognized as strong anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial metabolites [2,8,9,10,11,12]
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