Mammalian Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Facial Development: (cranial neural crest cells/facial development/mammal/retinoic acid receptor/gene expression).

Abstract

very early stages of cranial de- velopment, evolutionary changes are evident, most of which have involved the addition of structures related to the increasing complexity of the brain and associated sensory organs. Spatial complexity of the face has made it a challenging area for embryological investigations. These investigations have led to considerable progress in understanding of the fates of neural crest cells, tissue interactions, morphogenetic movements, and the roles