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Abstract
<p>A study of the three <em>Malus</em> species (<em>M. domestica</em>, <em>M. sylvestris</em>, and a hybrid species, <em>M. domestica</em> × <em>M. sylvestris</em>, which was named <em>M.</em> ×<em>oxysepala</em>) was carried out based on the morphological and micromorphological features and molecular investigation. Observations performed for 47 quantitative traits showed that this hybrid species exhibits intermediate values between <em>M. domestica</em> and <em>M. sylvestris</em>, or are similar to traits of one of the parents. Sepals proved to be the best diagnostic feature because they were acuminate and much longer than sepals in <em>M. domestica</em> and <em>M. sylvestris</em>. Seed testa cells are distinct, rimmed with straight anticlinal walls and strongly bulged periclinal walls. Simultaneous genetic analyses based on PCR RAPD reactions fully confirmed earlier morphological observations. Genetic profiles of the hybrid obtained with the use of 30 primers, next to species-specific amplification products, contain common products with each of the parents. However, both the profile analysis and the dendrogram constructed on its basis showed that the hybrid is genetically closer to <em>M. sylvestris</em>.</p>
Highlights
We know 25–47 species from the genus Malus in Europe, Asia and North America [1,2]
There are three species spontaneously occurring in Poland, i.e. M. domestica, M. sylvestris and M. ×oxysepala
Some vegetative structures are highly susceptible to environmental influence – for example, the size of leaves and stems of many plants depends on whether shoots are exposed to sunlight or wind [21]
Summary
In Poland one species is found in the wild, i.e. Malus sylvestris, and one escaped species is disseminating mainly along transportation routes, i.e. Malus domestica. The latter species in the temperate climate zone, both in the northern and southern hemispheres, is the most commonly cultivated fruit tree. Literature sources in the description of M. sylvestris state that, at present, it is hardly ever found in the pure form because it frequently crosses with cultivars [1,5,6,7], a description of the hybrid species is nowhere to be found [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
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