Malnutrition, Immune system, and COVID-19: A Special Emphasis on Older Population

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has already overwhelmed the entire world. Intimidating other waves, it has seriously affected vulnerable populations, such as the old people. This brief literature review aimed to investigate the available data associated with age-related malnutrition, its effects on the immune system, and the risk of viral exposure, including COVID-19. We emphasized the interrelationship of viral infections and the immune system in old-age people. The role of adequate nutrition was studied, which might boost the immune system and prevent emergent COVID-19 virus exposure. We have narrated the available literature related to the nutritional management of COVID-19 infection to reduce adverse disease outcomes and mortality risk in the older population. This literature review found the coexistence of malnutrition, immune dysfunction, and high infection exposure increases the risk of mortalities in older people with COVID-19. Immediate nutritional interventions and adequate nutritional management can help tackle the adverse health consequences and prevent mortalities. Hence, the pandemic requires a comprehensive approach to understand all the related aspects and needs further in-depth investigations related to micronutrient supplements and to enhance immunity in COVID-19 infected old-age patients.