Abstract
This study aims to explore the association between malnutrition diagnosed according to both the Global Leadership Initiative of Malnutrition (GLIM) and the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) criteria and the onset of sarcopenia/severe sarcopenia, diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) criterion, in the sarcopenia and physical impairment with advancing age (SarcoPhAge) cohort during a four-year follow-up. Adjusted Cox-regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were performed. Among the 534 community-dwelling participants recruited in the SarcoPhAge study, 510 were free from sarcopenia at baseline, of whom 336 had complete data (186 women and 150 men, mean age of 72.5 ± 5.8 years) to apply the GLIM and ESPEN criteria. A significantly higher risk of developing sarcopenia/severe sarcopenia during the four-year follow-up based on the GLIM [sarcopenia: Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 3.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73–6.05); severe sarcopenia: Adjusted HR = 2.87 (95% CI 1.25–6.56)] and ESPEN [sarcopenia: Adjusted HR = 4.28 (95% CI 1.86–9.86); severe sarcopenia: Adjusted HR = 3.86 (95% CI 1.29–11.54)] criteria was observed. Kaplan-Meier curves confirmed this relationship (log rank p < 0.001 for all). These results highlighted the importance of malnutrition since it has been shown to be associated with an approximately fourfold higher risk of developing sarcopenia/severe sarcopenia during a four-year follow-up.
Highlights
Malnutrition is a major cause of adverse health consequences, such as impaired physical function [1], hospitalization [2], and mortality [3,4] in older people
Of the 534 older adults Sarcopenia included in the SarcoPhAge study, 510 were free from sarcopenia, as diagnosed with the EWGSOP2 definition, and they constituted our baseline population
This study aims to explore the association between malnutrition diagnosed according to both the Global Leadership Initiative of Malnutrition (GLIM) and the European Society of Clinical
Summary
Malnutrition is a major cause of adverse health consequences, such as impaired physical function [1], hospitalization [2], and mortality [3,4] in older people. One of the most prominent features of malnutrition is that it is a reversible disease, and a wide variety of effective therapeutic approaches are available and adaptable to the different etiologies and patient requirements [5,6]. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2883 malnutrition and nutrition-related diseases. ESPEN developed malnutrition criteria [8] and guidelines on the definition and terminology of clinical nutrition [9] which unified the terminology to be used in malnutrition and nutrition-related diseases, i.e., sarcopenia, frailty, cachexia/disease-related malnutrition, and starvation-related underweight [8], and organized them as a conceptual tree of nutritional disorders [9]. The ESPEN approach is a two-tier process: In the first step, patients are identified as being at risk of malnutrition by any validated screening tool; in the second step, malnutrition is defined by a combination of weight loss, low body mass index, and low muscle mass [8]
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