Abstract
BackgroundMalnutrition, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections continue to impact the nutritional status and health of children in lower-income countries. However, not enough data concerning this issue is available. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of nutritional indicators, anemia and micronutrient deficiency and their underlying risk factors among schoolchildren in south-eastern Tanzania.Methodology/Principal findingsThis cross-sectional study enrolled primary schoolchildren aged 6–12 years from Kikwawila and Kiberege wards, Tanzania. In total, 471 schoolchildren underwent a physical examination and provided blood, stool and urine samples for an assessment of the levels of different micronutrients, nutritional and anemia status, and parasitic infection status. We employed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between nutritional statuses, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections. We found that 23.90%, 12.60% and 16.20% of schoolchildren were stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively. About 14.0% of schoolchildren were found to be anemic. Children diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum infection were more likely to have low levels of ferritin (aOR: 10.40, 95% CI: 2.88-40.53) and elevated levels of serum soluble transferrin receptor (aOR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.27-11.23), respectively. Vitamin A (34.71%) and vitamin B12 (8.79%) were the most prevalent micronutrients found to be deficient in diagnosed children. Finally, we found that schoolchildren attending the most rural schools were five times more likely to be diagnosed with at least one micronutrient deficiency (aOR: 5.04, 95% CI: 2.38–11.44).Conclusions/SignificanceMalnutrition, anemia and micronutrient deficiency still pose a significant health burden among schoolchildren living in rural Tanzania. To effectively tackle this burden, health interventions such as deworming, micronutrient supplementation, vector control, health education and access to clean water and improved sanitation should be strengthened and made sustainable.
Highlights
Malnutrition is a significant global public health problem that encompasses undernutrition, overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases [1]
There was no significant association between nutritional status and parasitic infections among schoolchildren (p>0.05) (S1 Table)
Our study revealed that malnutrition, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections are still highly prevalent among schoolchildren living in the rural areas of south-eastern Tanzania
Summary
Malnutrition is a significant global public health problem that encompasses undernutrition, overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases [1]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, children and women of reproductive age bear the highest burden of malnutrition, parasitic infections and micronutrient deficiency. Parasitic infections play a crucial role in increasing malnutrition by compromising the immune system and altering the macro- and/or micronutrient balance of the body [4]. Infections with Giardia lamblia, coccidia, Plasmodium spp., Schistosoma spp. and soil-transmitted helminths have been shown to alter the nutrient pools by affecting food intake, metabolism and the micronutrient uptake in the gut [5]. Poor uptake of nutrients can lead to a micronutrient deficiency, which is another form of undernutrition caused by lack of essential vitamins and minerals in the body [1]. Malnutrition, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections continue to impact the nutritional status and health of children in lower-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of nutritional indicators, anemia and micronutrient deficiency and their underlying risk factors among schoolchildren in south-eastern Tanzania
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