Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as active components in cellular communication, which are easily altered both morphologically and chemically by the cellular environment and metabolic state of the body. Due to this sensitivity to the conditions of the cellular microenvironment, EVs have been found to be associated with disease conditions, including those associated with obesity and undernutrition. The sensitivity that EVs show to changes in the cellular microenvironment could be a reflection of early cellular alterations related to conditions of malnutrition, which could eventually be used in the routine monitoring and control of diseases or complications associated with it. However, little is known about the influence of malnutrition alone; that is, without the influence of additional diseases on the heterogeneity and specific content of EVs. To date, studies in “apparently healthy” obese patients show that there are changes in the size, quantity, and content of EVs, as well as correlations with some metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, and serum lipids) in comparison with non-obese individuals. In light of these changes, a direct participation of EVs in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular complications in obese subjects is thought to exist. However, the mechanisms through which this process might occur are not yet fully understood. The evidence on EVs in conditions of undernutrition is limited, but it suggests that EVs play a role in the maintenance of homeostasis and muscle repair. A better understanding of how EVs participate in or promote cellular signaling in malnutrition conditions could help in the development of new strategies to treat them and their comorbidities.
Highlights
The term malnutrition encompasses disorders associated with deficit or excess in the consumption of nutrients, which manifests in conditions such as undernutrition and excess weight, known as the double burden of malnutrition
The literature does show that there is an association between Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and diseases or health complications associated with obesity and undernutrition, little is known about the influence of malnutrition alone on the heterogeneity and specific content of EVs
The aim of this review is to examine the current research on the effect of malnutrition on EVs and the likely role of EVs in the development of comorbidities associated with undernutrition and obesity
Summary
The term malnutrition encompasses disorders associated with deficit or excess in the consumption of nutrients, which manifests in conditions such as undernutrition and excess weight (obesity), known as the double burden of malnutrition. The literature does show that there is an association between EVs and diseases or health complications associated with obesity and undernutrition, little is known about the influence of malnutrition alone (that is, without the influence of additional illnesses) on the heterogeneity and specific content of EVs. A better understanding of how EVs participate in or promote cellular signaling in situations of malnutrition could help in the development of new strategies to treat them and their comorbidities. A better understanding of how EVs participate in or promote cellular signaling in situations of malnutrition could help in the development of new strategies to treat them and their comorbidities With this in mind, the aim of this review is to examine the current research on the effect of malnutrition on EVs and the likely role of EVs in the development of comorbidities associated with undernutrition and obesity. The subsequent four sections examine the current evidence on the sensitivity of EVs to specific conditions of nutritional status: excess weight, adipose tissue, diet, weight loss, and undernutrition
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