Abstract
Men exhibit a worse survival rate than premenopausal women after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), however, no sex-specific management has been concerned. In a rat model involving infusion of ferrous citrate (FC) that simulates iron accumulation after hemorrhage, a higher degree of autophagy associated with higher injury severity was observed in striatum of males than in females. Since the imbalance between the levels of autophagy and energy demand may lead to cell death, we proposed that FC-induced autophagy is detrimental in a male specific manner and autophagy modulation affects injury severity in a sex-dependent manner. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, and conditional knockout gene of autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) in dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) neurons were used to test our hypothesis using a mouse model with striatal FC infusion. The result showed that the levels of autophagic cell death and injury severity were higher in male than in female mice. Pre-treatment of FC-infused females with rapamycin increased the FC-induced behavioral deficit and DRD2 neuron death. However, DRD2 neuron-specific knockout of Atg7 decreased FC-induced injury severity and the number of TUNEL(+) DRD2 neurons in males. These results suggest that autophagy in FC-infusion males is overactive with maladaptive consequences and inhibition of autophagy decreases the severity of FC-induced striatal injury in males. These findings present prospects for male-specific therapeutic strategy that targets autophagy in patients suffering from iron overload.
Highlights
Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in the highest mortality of all stroke subtypes and less than 40% of ICH survivors regain their independence [1]
The results revealed that ferrous citrate (FC) infusion caused increases of LC3-II (Fig 1A) and autophagic cell death, which is simultaneously TUNEL positive and BECN1 immunoreactive (Fig 1B), in male and female mice
The present study demonstrated that the striatum of male mice were more susceptible to FCinfusion that simulates iron accumulation after ICH
Summary
Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in the highest mortality of all stroke subtypes and less than 40% of ICH survivors regain their independence [1]. Sex Dimorphism in Iron-Induced Autophagy weaker defense capacities against oxidative brain damage than women [6]. Recent reports indicates that sex specific differences exist in both constitutive autophagy [8] and autophagy in the brain following hypoxia-ischemia [9]. These results imply a sexual dimorphism in the mechanism by which neurons respond to stress or to neuroprotectant. No sex-specific therapies have been considered for patients suffering from neurodegeneration following hemorrhage or iron intoxication
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