Abstract
Although several approaches have been explored for the removal of dyes and other toxic materials from water as well as the entire environment, notwithstanding, researchers/scientists are still pursuing novel, low-cost, and eco-friendly biosorbents for the effective removal of such contaminants. Herein, clove leaves (CL) were utilized as a biosorbent for the sequestration of malachite green (MG) from a water-soluble solution. The CL was subsequently activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and characterized using the FTIR and FESEM to determine the functional groups on the activated clove leaves (CL-KOH) and the morphology of the adsorbent. The adsorption of MG was observed to be relatively dependent on the dosage of sorbent utilized, initial MG concentration, and sorption process contact time. The adsorption process of MG to CL was ideally described using the Dubinin–Radushkevich and Elovich models with the determination of maximum sorption capacity of approximately 131.6 mg·g-1. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters calculated showed that the adsorption of MG to the adsorbent was exothermic with the process involving physical sorption as well as chemical sorption processes with negligible adsorption energy. In conclusion, the study has revealed that the CL is a cost-effective biosorbent with high adsorption efficiency for the sequestration of MG from a water-soluble solution and can be recycled for further usage.
Highlights
The obliteration of the quality of water, soil, and air due to the fast-growing global population and industrialization is critical for life sustenance on earth
The thermodynamic parameters calculated showed that the adsorption of malachite green (MG) to the adsorbent was exothermic with the process involving physical sorption as well as chemical sorption processes with negligible adsorption energy
Cheap and effective biosorbents are needed for the removal of dyes and other environmental contaminants. This present paper summarizes the exploration and application of biosorbent created from clove leaf (CL) agrowaste activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a novel bioadsorbent with higher efficiency as well as the cost-effectiveness trends for MG (Figure 2 shows an outline of the study)
Summary
The obliteration of the quality of water, soil, and air due to the fast-growing global population and industrialization is critical for life sustenance on earth. Water quality has exceptionally declined owing to the untreated effluents discharged into streams, oceans, and lakes, by the processes of mining, textile, paint and dye productions, and metal plating [1]. Among these noxious and aromatic contaminants released into water bodies devoid of the preceding appropriate treatment, the textile industry is a primary user of synthetic or noxious dyes for product colouring [2]. The total of synthetic dyes manufactured is estimated to be over 700,000 tons, and over 15% of these synthetic colourants are yearly discharged into water Water polluted by these dyes is noxious, xenobiotic, and carcinogenic, and they are grouped according to their chromophore structure into the solvent, reactive, basic, vat, and direct dyes. 47% of synthetic dyes are decomposable [4]
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