Malachite green dye purification from effluent using synthesized ceramic clay: Characterisation; optimization and scale up

Abstract

The rise of industry is crucial to any nation's progress. Pollution levels increased as industrialization expanded, enhancing the necessity to adopt environmental practices. The purpose of this research is to treat the Malachite Green Dye (dye-containing) wastewater with locally available ceramic clay. The ceramic clay was characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform of infrared and found to be suitable for bioadsorption. Various operating parameters, such as effluent alkalinity and initial dye concentrations; adsorbent size; mass loading; working temperature; experimental time, agitation, and ionic strength, were optimized to treat the effluent up to the recycling limit. The results show that the best conditions for achieving 99.6% dye concentration were an initial pH of 4, a particle size of 2.5 mm, agitations of 210 rpm, a temperature of 35 °C, dosing of 6 g/L, a dye concentration of 50 mg/L, a time of 300 min, and an ionic strength of 0.5 mM. The order of kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies supported the research findings. In the majority of cases, ceramic clay may be used as a dye remover, which is an exciting benefit for the environment.