‘Making Green the Motherland’: greening the Chinese socialist undertaking (1949–1978)

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement This research was successively supported by an Overseas Research Student Award of the UK and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 51008137). Notes 1. Mao Tse-tung, ‘Some Experiences in Our Party's History (September 25, 1956)’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Vol. 5 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961). 2. Jack C. Westoby, ‘‘‘Making Green the Motherland’’: Forestry in China’, in China's Road to Development, Neville Maxwell, ed. (Oxford: Pergamon, 1979), pp. 231–245. 3. Zhao Jijun 赵纪军, ‘Sixty Years of Landscape Policies and Development in China (3): Making Green the Motherland’ 新中国园林政策与建设 60年回眸（三）—绿化祖国. Landscape Architecture, 3, 2009, pp. 91–95. 4. The Mao era was considered in this study as from 1949 to 1978 despite Mao's death in 1976, since Hua Guofeng (1921–2008) who succeed as the chairman continued Mao's political orientation and policies by claiming that ‘to support whatever policy decisions were made by Chairman Mao’ and ‘unswervingly follow whatever instructions were given by Chairman Mao’. A clear diversion of the policy was only made from the end of 1978 when the Reform and Opening-up Policy was initiated under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997). 5. For example, it was noted that foreigners visiting China during the Mao era were always subjected to tightly controlled itineraries to pilot projects, according to an interview with Professor Wang Shaozeng, currently editor of Chinese Landscape Architecture, 12 June 2009. This was also mentioned in: Anne-Marie Broudehoux, The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing (London, New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 30–32. 6. The Third Internal Revolutionary War, commonly known as the War of Liberation (1945–1949), was fought between the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The latter led by Mao Zedong defeated the former in mainland China where the founding of the People's Republic of China was announced on 1 October 1949 on Tiananmen, Beijing. 7. Joseph W. Esherick, Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900–1950 (Honolulu: University of Hawai’ Press, 2000), p. 1. 8. Lu Duanfang, Remaking Chinese Urban Form: Modernity, Scarcity and Space, 1949–2005 (London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006), p. 6. 9. ‘National Landscaping and Gardening Movement’ is a translation of ‘Dadi yuanlin hua’ in Editorial Board of Chinese Agricultural Encyclopaedia, Gardening Volume 中国农业百科全书总编辑委员会观赏园艺卷编辑委员会，中国农业百科全书编辑部, ed. Chinese Agricultural Encyclopaedia, Gardening Volume 中国农业百科全书，观赏园艺卷 (Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1996), p. 58. 10. ‘Speed up greening construction, advance afforestation quality’ 加快绿化速度，提高造林质量. People's Daily (9 March 1959). Author's translation. 11. The phrase ‘landscape profession’ was used in this research for a better communication in the English context, as the latter equate for the Chinese to what is meant by the former in the West. 12. Mao Tse-tung, ‘Oppose Stereotyped Party Writing (February 8, 1942)’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Vol. 3 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), p. 63. 13. Keishu Saneto 实藤惠秀, A History of Chinese Studying in Japan 中国人留学日本史. trans. Tan Ruqian 谭汝谦, Lin Qiyan 林启彦 (Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 1956), p. 334. 14. Department of Landscape of Tokyo University of Agriculture 東京農業大学造園学科, 2nd ed. Landscape Dictionary 造園用語辞典 (Syokoku publication, 2002). 15. It is therefore not correct to consider that the Chinese term, lühua, might be a result of the translation of the corresponding Russian term in the 1950s, as some studies suggested. See: Lin Guangsi 林广思, ‘Review and Prospect: A Study of the Landscape Architecture Education in China (1)’ 回顾与展望—中国LA学科教育研讨 (1). Chinese Landscape Architecture, 9, 2005, pp. 1–8. 16. Zhang Guoqiang 张国强, ‘How old is the word yuanlin?’ ‘园林’一词有多早？ Chinese Landscape Architecture, 6, 2007, p. 7. 17. Chen Zhi 陈植, Collected Works on Landscape Architecture of Chen Zhi 陈植造园文集 (Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1988), pp. 175–181. 18. ‘Towards National Landscaping and Gardening’ 向大地园林化前进. People's Daily (27 March 1959); China Forestry Press. National Landscaping and Gardening (Vol. 1) 大地园林化（第一辑） (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1959), p. 1. 19. Wang Shaozeng 王绍增, ‘Justification of name: re-discussion of Chinese translation of Landscape Architecture (LA)’ 必也正名乎—再论LA的中译名. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 6, 1999, pp. 49–51. 20. Zhao Songqiao, Geography of China: Environment, Resources, Population, and Development (New York; Chichester: Wiley, 1994), p. 74. 21. Jack C. Westoby, ‘‘‘Making Green the Motherland’’: Forestry in China’, in China's Road to Development, Neville Maxwell, ed. (Oxford: Pergamon, 1979), p. 236. 22. Sun Zhongshan 孙中山, ‘Statement to Li Hongzhang (June, 1894)’ 上李鸿章书(—八九四年六月), in The Complete Works of Sun Zhongshan. Vol. 1 (1890-1911) 孙中山 全集 (第一卷, 1890–1911) (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1981), pp. 8–18. 23. Traditionally, over 80% of the total population consisted of farmers, which has remained the case till the modern era. At the time of CCP's 1949 takeover, about 480 million of the total 540 million population were peasants. See Zhao Songqiao, Geography of China: Environment, Resources, Population, and Development (New York; Chichester: Wiley, 1994), p. 69; Tien H. Yuan, China's Population Struggle: Demographic Decisions of the People's Republic, 1949–1969 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1973), p. 43. 24. National Programme for Agricultural Development 1956–1967 (Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1960), p. 18. 25. China Forestry Press 中国林业出版社, Let Us Make Green the Four-Side 我们来绿化四旁 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1958). 26. Interview with Professor Zhu Junzhen, one of the graduates in the early 1950s from China's first landscape architecture programme, 8 October 2005. She also mentioned stamp-like residential parks, which so appeared on plans of residential areas. This also indicated that greening would normally be done after the completion of building constructions. 27. ‘Making Green the Motherland’ 绿化祖国. People's Daily (17 February 1956). 28. Liu Chieh, ‘Our country's forest wealth’. China Reconstructs, IV/8, August 1955, p. 18. 29. The Chinese text is ‘自己动手，丰衣足食’. Mao Tse-tung, ‘Get Organized! (November 29, 1943)’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Vol. 3 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), p. 154. 30. ‘A new ‘‘Great Wall’’ of trees’. China Reconstructs, I/3, May-June 1952, pp. 42–44. 31. Publicity Department of the Forestry Ministry of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国林业部宣传科, Making Green the Motherland 绿化祖国 (Beijing: Chinese Society of Science and Technology Popularization, 1956), p. 14. 32. For example, Jia Yi (贾谊, 200–168 bc) in his article ‘On the Faults of Qin (过秦论)’ wrote, ‘Sovereign and subject, firmly entrenched in defence, eyed the House of Zhou, with thoughts of rolling up the empire like a mat, enveloping all in the universe, pocketing everything within the four seas, and swallowing all in the eight directions’. (君臣固守以窥周室，有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心) Translated in http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Yeu_Ninje/Sandbox. Accessed 24 July 2012. 33. The phrase was referred to in one of Mao's poems in 1963, which read ‘The Four Seas are rising, clouds and waters raging. The Five Continents are rocking, wind and thunder roaring’. The Chinese sentences are ‘四海翻腾云水怒，五洲震荡风雷激’. Translated in Christopher L. Salter, ‘In memoriam: selected landscape poetry of Mao Tse-Tung’. The China Geographer, No. 5, Fall, 1976, p. 62. 34. ‘Man wins over ‘‘fate’’’. China Reconstructs, I/1, January-February 1952, p. 38. 35. Publicity Department of the Forestry Ministry of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国林业部宣传科, Making Green the Motherland 绿化祖国 (Beijing: Chinese Society of Science and Technology Popularization, 1956), p. 10. 36. Liu Chieh. ‘Our country's forest wealth’, China Reconstructs, IV/8, August 1955, pp. 18–21. 37. ‘To accomplish ‘‘hundred, thousand, ten thousand’’, forestry cadres should try to outdo the others’ 实现’ 百千万’ ，林业干部要争先, in Forestry Ministry of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国林业部, The High Tide of Making Green the Motherland (Vol. 1) 绿化祖国的高潮（第一辑） (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1958), pp. 9–11. ‘mu’ is a unit of area in China. One mu is equivalent to 1/15 hectare or 1/6 acre. 38. Liu Qingquan 刘清泉, ‘From Four-Side Greening to Whole Land Greening’ 由四旁绿化到全境绿化, in China Forestry Press 中国林业出版社, Let Us Make Green the Four-Side 我们来绿化四旁 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1958), pp. 7–16. 39. Mao Tse-tung, ‘On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People (February 27, 1957)’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Vol. 5 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961), p. 419. 40. The Eight-Character Principle is in Chinese ‘调整，巩固，充实，提高’. 41. Maurice Meisner, Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (New York: Free Press, 1999), pp. 245–259. 42. Zhao Jijun and Jan Woudstra, ‘In Agriculture, Learn from Dazhai’ : Mao Zedong's Revolutionary Model Village and the Battle against Nature. Landscape Research, 32/2, April 2007, pp. 171–205. 43. Hua Linmao 华林茂, ‘Striving for afforestation, Making Green the Motherland’ 植树造林，绿化祖国. People's Daily (8 March 1972). 44. Edwin T. Morris, The Gardens of China: History, Art, and Meanings (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), p. 25. 45. The Forestry Ministry of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国林业部, A Collection of Statistics of Chinese Forestry (1949–1987) 全国林业统计资料汇编 (1949–1987) (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1990). 46. China Forestry Society 中国林学会, The Development of China's Forestry 中国森林的变迁 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1997), p. 54. 47. Some articles during the Cultural Revolution referred to the vision of a ‘sea’, such as: ‘A picturesque forest “sea” of Gaofeng Mountain’ 高峰山林海如画. People's Daily (6 January 1973); ‘A forest “sea” in Taihang Mountain’ 太行山上一林海. Hebei Daily (2 April 1973). 48. There was no reference to the ‘Great Wall’ in publications about afforestation during the Cultural Revolution, such as: Hua Linmao 华林茂, ‘Striving for afforestation, Making Green the Motherland’ 植树造林，绿化祖国. People's Daily (8 March 1972); Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国农林部林业组, Making Green the Motherland (Vol. 5) 绿化祖国（第五集） (Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1973); Forestry Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 农林部林业局, Making Green the Motherland (Vol. 7) 绿化祖国（第七集） (Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1974); Forestry Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 农林部林业局, Making Green the Motherland (Vol. 9) 绿化祖国（第九集） (Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1976). 49. Department of Resources and Forest Management of the Forestry Ministry 林业部资源和林政管理司, Survey of Contemporary Chinese Forest Resources (1949–1993) 当代中国森林资源概况 (1949–1993) (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1996), p. 3; Editorial Board of Forest of China 《中国森林》编辑委员会, Forest of China (Vol. 1) 中国森林 (第1卷) (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1997), p. 206. 50. Interview with Professor Wang Shaozeng, 12 June 2009. 51. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, A Collection of Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 2. 52. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, A History of Beijing Modern Landscape Architecture 当代北京园林发展史 (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1987), p. 224. 53. The orchards included 571 mu (c. 38 hectares) vineyards, 1280 mu (c. 85 hectares) apple, 529 mu (c. 35 hectares) pear, 185 mu (c. 12 hectares) peach, and 100 mu (c. 7 hectares) apricot. See: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, Annual Report of Beijing Landscape Architecture (1961–1962) 北京市园林绿化工作年报 (1961–1962) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1963), p. 1. 54. Sun Boxun 孙伯勋, ‘Management of the vineyards of Dongzhi Road in 1961’ 东直路 1961 年葡萄管理情况介绍, in Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, Annual Report of Beijing Landscape Architecture (1961–1962) 北京市园林绿化工作年报 (1961–1962) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1963), pp. 114–115. 55. The Chinese text is ‘以农业为基础，大办粮食’. See Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, Annual Report of Beijing Landscape Architecture (1960) 北京市园林绿化工作年报 (1960) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1961), p. 4. 56. Editorial Board of Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志编纂委员会, Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1999), p. 31. 57. The ‘ten-side land’ means the small plots of lands by the side of fields, trenches, roads, channels, graves, houses, walls, woods, barren banks, and ponds. The Chinese text is ‘地边、渠边、道边、沟边、坟边、房边、墙边、树林边、荒滩边、水坑边’. 58. Editorial Board of Historical Records of the Construction of Beijing 北京建设史书编辑委员会, The Construction of Beijing from the Founding of the People's Republic of China 建国以来的北京城市建设. Restricted publication (1986), p. 353. 59. Editorial Board of Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志编纂委员会, Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1999), p. 31. 60. Quoted from Hangzhou Park Management Bureau 杭州市园林管理局. ‘It is good to combine gardens with production, and the West Lake takes on a new look’ 园林结合生产好，西湖风景面貌新. Architectural Journal, 1, 1976, p. 44. Author's translation. 61. The name of ‘May Seventh Farm’ was derived from the ‘May Seventh’ rural cadre school, which was first established on 7 May 1968 for officials and ‘brain workers’ to regularly participate in productive labour as a process of ‘ideological revolutionization’. 62. ‘A brief history of the construction of Zhongshan Park, Shantou’ 汕头中山公园建设史略, available at http://stcg.shantou.gov.cn/stgk4-b.htm. Accessed 22 December 2006. 63. Among the misappropriations, an area of 5028 square metres was occupied by the Real Estate Management Bureau of Xuanwu District in 1966 for establishing a residential area; 218 square metres by Beijing Qianxiang Leather Shoes Factory in April 1967; and 900 square metres by Beijing Tannery in April 1970. See Editorial Board of Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志编纂委员会, Joyous Pavilion Park Records 陶然亭公园志 (Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1999), pp. 34–35. 64. Editorial Board of Shanghai Landscape Architecture Records 《上海园林志》编纂委员会, Shanghai Landscape Architecture Records上海园林志 (Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2000), p. 377. 65. Lin Xiaoxia 林晓侠, ‘Why are factories built in parks?’ 工厂为什么办到公园里去了？People's Daily (9 June 1978). 66. It turned out as a result of Western influences from the mid-nineteenth century. For example, in view of the contemporary defeat by Western imperialist powers, Zeng Guofan (1811–1872), one of the initiators of the Westernization Movement (1861–1894), once recorded that ‘each committee member examines in detail the machine illustrations, and with the laws of point, line, plane and volume, pursue the functionality of square, circle, the horizontal and the vertical’ (各委员详考图说，以点线面体之法，求方圆平直之用), in order to produce vessel and cannon fighting against imperialists. See: Zeng Guofan, The Complete Works of Zeng Guofan 曾文正公全集 (Taibei: Taiwan Eastern Bookstore, 1964). 67. Liu Shanghua 柳尚华, Fifty Years of Chinese Landscape Architecture: 1949–1999 中国风景园林当代五十年：1949–1999 (Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1999), p. 23. 68. Leonid Borisovich Lunts, Greening Construction 绿化建设, trans. Zhu Junzhen 朱钧珍, Liu Chengxian 刘承娴, Ma Shiwei 马士伟, and Shen Dalun 沈大纶 (Beijing: Architectural Engineering Press, 1956), p. 222. These guidelines were consistently followed in the only Chinese handbook on residential greening, published in the late 1950s. See: Research Unit of Regional and City Planning of Architectural Science Research Institute 建筑科学研究院区域规划与城市规划研究室. Neighbourhood Greening 街坊绿化 (Beijing: Architectural Engineering Press, 1959), p. 7. 69. Quoted from Liu Shanghua 柳尚华, Fifty Years of Chinese Landscape Architecture: 1949–1999 中国风景园林当代五十年：1949–1999 (Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1999), pp. 4, 19. Author's translation. 70. Interview with Professor Lü Junhua of Tsinghua University, 17 January 2005. 71. Chen Youmin 陈有民. ‘Celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of garden making group (gardening discipline)’ 纪念造园组（园林专业）创建五十周年. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 1, 2002, pp, 4–5. Leningrad Forestry Academy is now St Petersburg State Forest-Technical Academy. 72. The Chinese text is ‘普遍绿化，重点提高’. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局. A Collection of Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 5. 73. The Chinese text is ‘先绿化，后美化’. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局. A Collection of Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 87. 74. Research Unit of Regional and City Planning of Architectural Science Research Institute 建筑科学研究院区域规划与城市规划研究室, Neighbourhood Greening 街坊绿化 (Beijing: Architectural Engineering Press, 1959), p. 9. 75. Editorial Board of Shanghai Housing Construction Records 《上海住宅建设志》编纂委员会, Shanghai Housing Construction Records 上海住宅建设志 (Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1998), p. 280. 76. Other street names included Chinese Flowering Crab-apple Riverside Road (棠浦路), Plum Hill Road (梅岭路), Maple Bridge Road (枫桥路), Flower Brook Road (花溪路), Orchid Brook Road (兰溪路), Plum River Road (梅川路), Jujube Spring Road (枣阳路), and Apricot Hill Road (杏山路). It was common that limited provision of trees resulted in a lack of planting diversity at the time. As a result, this naming approach was so important for the envisioned comprehensiveness that some people in Beijing complained for such scarcity that, ‘There was no road with a name associated with trees, such as Bodhi Avenue’. See: Liu Zhonghua 刘仲华, ‘Oppose Right deviation, go all out, achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results in making green the capital’ 反右倾，鼓干劲，多快好省绿化首都, in Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局. A Collection of the Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 1. 77. Editorial Board of Shanghai Housing Construction Records 《上海住宅建设志》编纂委员会, Shanghai Housing Construction Records 上海住宅建设志 (Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1998), p. 279. 78. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, A Collection of Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 211. 79. This could be read in the figure of increment of numbers of Chinese public parks in: Li Min 李敏, Modern Parks in China: Development and Evaluation 中国现代公园-发展与评价 (Beijing: Beijing Science and Technology Press, 1987), p. 22. 80. Su Zemin 苏则民, ‘Investigations into the experience in Tiananmen Square's reconstruction and planning’ 天安门广场改建和规划的经验探讨 (unpublished Master of Architecture Thesis, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 1965), p. 1. 81. Imperialism, feudalism and capitalism were claimed as the ‘Three Big Mountains’, which weighed on the backs of the Chinese people in the ‘old society’ before the 1949 Liberation. 82. Wu Liangyong 吴良镛, ‘The design achievements of the Monument to the People's Heroes’ 人民英雄纪念碑的创作成就. Architectural Journal, 2, 1978, p. 4; Dong Guangqi 董光器, ‘Some records of Tiananmen Square’ 天安门广场纪事, in Fifty Years’ Retrospection: Urban Planning of the New China 五十年回眸-新中国的城市规划, Urban Planning Society of China, ed. (Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1999), p. 514. 83. In the speech delivered by Premier Zhou Enlai in the founding ceremony of the Monument to the People's Heroes on 30 September 1949. See: Wu Liangyong 吴良镛, ‘The planning and design of Tiananmen Square’ 天安门广场的规划和设计. Collected Essays in Architectural History, 2, 1979, p. 19. 84. Li Jiale 李嘉乐, ‘The greening of Tiananmen Square’ 天安门广场的绿化, in Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局. A Collection of the Working Experiences in Beijing Landscape Architecture (1949–1959) 北京市园林工作经验汇编 (1949–1959) (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1960), p. 21. 85. Wu Liangyong 吴良镛, ‘The Planning and Design of the Tiananmen Square’ 天安门广场的规划和设计. Collected Essays on Architectural History, 2, 1979, p. 31. 86. Fan Yaobang 范耀邦, ‘Suggestions for reasonable density of residential areas’ 关于居住区合理密度的几点意见. Architectural Journal, 3, 1980, p. 22. 87. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, ‘Greening for Chairman Mao's mausoleum’ 毛主席纪念堂的绿化工程. Building Technology, Z1, 1978, p. 113. 88. Quoted from Red Flag of Faculty of South China College of Technology 华南工学院教工红旗 ed. A Collection of Criticisms of the Crimes of Tao Zhu in the Architectural Profession 陶铸在建筑领域的罪行批判集 (Guangzhou: South China College of Technology, 1967), p. 2. Author's translation. 89. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks 北京市园林局, A History of Beijing Modern Landscape Architecture 当代北京园林发展史 (Beijing: Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks, 1987), p. 44. 90. This was announced in the Member of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress. 91. Liu Shanghua 柳尚华, Fifty Years of Chinese Landscape Architecture: 1949–1999 中国风景园林当代五十年：1949–1999 (Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1999), p. 72. 92. ‘Every one should plant three to five trees annually’ 每人每年种三至五棵树. People's Daily (16 December 1981). 93. Interview with Professor Wang Shaozeng, 20 November 2010.