Abstract
Abstract This article focuses on activities undertaken by western powers in Beijing following the relief of the legations in 1900. Beginning with a description of actions specifically directed at the Chinese emperor and designed to bring low a sovereignty that was already in disarray, it then considers ways in which the emperor was reconstituted as a sovereign similar to European kings. Alterations made to Manchu‐Chinese imperial court audience in the Boxer protocol of 1901 are reviewed, arguing that this rewriting imposed a representational notion of ceremony over the imperial court's constitutive version of ceremonial practice. The western assault on imperial sovereignty contributed to the demise of Qing Kingship and to a new definition of “China” and the “Chinese”
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