Abstract
Objective:To compare pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative parameters in Down syndrome (DS) and non-DS patients with atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) and inlet ventricular septal defects (VSD) in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study at Aga Khan University, Pakistan. All complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD), partial atrioventricular septal defect (PAVSD), and VSD with inlet extension surgical cases from January 2007 to January 2019 were included. Patients with congenital heart diseases other than those listed above were excluded.Results:In 61 cases, 18 had DS. Median age, mean body surface area (BSA), and height were lower in DS patients compared to non-DS patients: 7.0 vs 23.0 months, 0.311 vs 0.487 m2, and 63 vs 82 cm, respectively. Bypass duration, aortic cross clamp time, post-operative ventilator hours, dose of inotropes, CICU stay, and total hospital stay were all significantly higher in the DS group. The odds ratio (955% CI) for mortality in DS babies was 6.2 (1.4, 27.1), p=0.015, after adjusting for age, weight, and height. The overall morbidity was comparable between the two groups, demonstrating no significant difference after adjusting for confounders.Conclusion:DS babies with AVSD and inlet VSD are at a greater risk of mortality compared to non-DS babies, particularly those with CAVSD. Furthermore, DS babies undergo surgery at a younger age and require more aggressive post-operative therapy and monitoring due to the development of complications.
Highlights
The most common congenital heart defects in Down syndrome (DS) babies are atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD) with a prevalence of 54% and 40%, respectively.[1]
These septal defects typically appear in the fetus or neonate and are a significant cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in this age group, especially in complete atrioventricular septal defects (CAVSD).[3]
The early postoperative morbidity rate among patients with DS and AVSD is higher while patients suffering from DS and CAVSD concurrently have a higher mortality risk compared to patients without these conditions.[6]
Summary
The most common congenital heart defects in Down syndrome (DS) babies are atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD) with a prevalence of 54% and 40%, respectively.[1]. There has been a decline in the mortality and reoperation rates among patients undergoing surgical treatment for AVSD indicating overall improved outcomes due to better surgical technique and perioperative care.[4,5] there are discrepancies in the clinical presentations and treatment outcomes of DS and non-DS patients with AVSD. The early postoperative morbidity rate among patients with DS and AVSD is higher while patients suffering from DS and CAVSD concurrently have a higher mortality risk compared to patients without these conditions.[6] Considering the differences in various parameters among DS and non-DS patients with septal defects, it is important to assess and compare the pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative parameters of the two groups in loco-regional settings
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