Maize (Zea mays L.) root exudation profiles change in quality and quantity during plant development – A field study

Abstract

Deciphering root exudate composition of soil-grown plants is considered a crucial step to better understand plant–soil–microbe interactions affecting plant growth performance. In this study, two genotypes of Zea mays L. (WT, rth3) differing in root hair elongation were grown in the field in two substrates (sand, loam) in custom-made, perforated columns inserted into the field plots. Root exudates were collected at different plant developmental stages (BBCH 14, 19, 59, 83) using a soil-hydroponic-hybrid exudation sampling approach. Exudates were characterized by LC-MS based non-targeted metabolomics, as well as by photometric assays targeting total dissolved organic carbon, soluble carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and phenolics. Results showed that plant developmental stage was the main driver shaping both the composition and quantity of exuded compounds. Carbon (C) exudation per plant increased with increasing biomass production over time, while C exudation rate per cm² root surface area h−1 decreased with plant maturity. Furthermore, exudation rates were higher in the substrate with lower nutrient mobility (i.e., loam). Surprisingly, we observed higher exudation rates in the root hairless rth3 mutant compared to the root hair-forming WT sibling, though exudate metabolite composition remained similar. Our results highlight the impact of plant developmental stage on the plant–soil–microbe interplay.