Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects

Abstract

At the southern European edge of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) distribution, all the hybrids found in nature are the product of crosses between female salmon and male brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). By artificially producing reciprocal crosses between salmon and trout, we demonstrate that unidirectional hybridization observed in nature is the result of postzygotic barriers that produce very high mortality rates (95%) in female trout × male salmon hybrids and not the consequence of prezygotic isolation or behavioural differences between the two species. Mortality of female trout × male salmon hybrids mainly occurs during the last phases of development, and a high percentage of these surviving hybrids showed external deformities that could compromise survival in the wild. Another important finding is the existence of paternal factor in embryo development. Using time to midhatch as an indicator of developmental rate, female salmon × male trout hybrids hatched faster than female trout × male salmon hybrids, with both developing at a rate intermediate to the pure crosses. The early emergence of female salmon × male trout hybrids, which have similar survival to pure salmons, could have fitness repercussions, since early emerging fry have a competitive advantage over later emerging fry.