Abstract
The maintainability of denitrifying granular sludge in a bench scale reactor treating soft groundwater with low nitrate (21 mg N l−1) was investigated. With influent alkalinity at 180 mg CaCO3 l−1, a calcium addition to a relatively low total hardness of 120 mg CaCO3 l−1 and an influent pH of 8.5, generation of mineral precipitation needed for production of a heavy granular sludge with good settling characteristics was achieved. Bed biomass concentration increased with increasing granule mineral content due to improved retention. With reduced mineral precipitation at a lower influent pH of 7.9, an increase in volumetric loading rate was also shown to be effective in cultivating biomass in a manageable granular sludge.
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