Maiden application of TIDN ‐(1+ PI ) cascade controller in LFC of a multi‐area hydro‐thermal system incorporating EV–Archimedes wave energy‐geothermal‐wind generations under deregulated scenario

Abstract

Recently, there has been a growing trend of large proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) due to its various merits like minimum emission of greenhouse gases, high-energy efficiency, less maintenance, cost, and so on. Electric vehicles are now seen as an environment friendly and cost effective alternative to the fuel vehicles. This article presents an effective load frequency control of a multi-area interconnected power system connecting EV fleets along with diversified sources such as Archimedes wave energy conversion (AWEC), geothermal power plant, wind power plant turbine generator, hydro power plant, and thermal power plant. A cascaded controller, combination of tilt integral derivative filter (TIDN) and 1+proportional-integral (1+PI) (ie, TIDN-(1+PI)), has also been proposed in this article as a secondary controller to improve the system performances. The real-time simulation of the considered power system has been effectually executed under different scenarios, using OPAL-RT's digital simulator. The result shows that the proposed TIDN-(1+PI) controller along with EV fleets are capable to significantly minimize the frequency and tie-line power oscillations rapidly and it also provides better dynamic performance of the system as compared to other conventional controllers such as integral, proportional-integral and so on. In addition, variable and irregular AWEC power, load disturbances in all areas, and multiple nonlinearities have been considered to study the effect of EV fleets in the proposed system. Also, stability of the system has been studied by using Eigen value analysis method.