Magnitude of Resistance and Metabolism of Acaricides in Two-spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on Vegetables in Southern Districts of Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Background: Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a destructive, polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest infesting a wide range of vegetables. Farmers frequently use acaricides in the vegetable ecosystem for mite management leading to increased probability for the development of resistance against acaricides in mite species. Literature about resistance in T. urticae to novel acaricides is scanty from this region. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the magnitude of acaricide resistance in T. urticae populations on vegetable crops from Southern districts of Tamil Nadu against seven acaricides. The role of detoxification enzymes in conferring bio-chemical resistance in the mite species was also studied. Methods: The laboratory experiments were conducted at completely randomized design (CRD) during 2019-2021 in central instrumentation laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai. The level of resistance in T. urticae populations to fenazaquin, propargite, spiromesifen, buprofezin, fenpropathrin, diafenthiuron and chlorfenapyr was evaluated following the leaf dip bioassay technique. The activity of the detoxifying enzymes viz., Glutathione S Transferase (GST), Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO) and Carboxylesterase (CarE) were estimated. Result: Fenazaquin was highly toxic to T. urticae, which recorded a low level of resistance (2.00 to 8.62-fold). T. urticae exhibited a low to moderate level of resistance to fenpropathrin (1.86 to 37.28-fold), moderate to a high level of resistance to diafenthiuron (15.81 to 50.53-fold), high level of resistance to propargite (45.16 to 65.10-fold) and chlorfenapyr (54.67 to 100.14-fold) and extremely high level of resistance to spiromesifen (193.04 to 452.61-fold) and buprofezin (377.97 to 514.44-fold). Among all the test populations, the highly resistant DAmRg population exhibited the highest specific activity of the detoxifying enzymes, viz., GST (26.98 nmoles ml-1 min-1 mg of protein-1), MFO (5.07 nmoles ml-1 min-1 mg of protein-1) and CarE (827.90 nmoles ml-1 min-1 mg of protein-1). The CarE activity was found to be positively correlated with highly resistant acaricide, propargite (r = 0.995) and MFO activity with buprofezin having an extremely high level of resistance (r = 0.997). This preliminary knowledge would be instrumental in framing the acaricide resistant management (ARM) strategies.