Abstract
A magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester based on an iron–gallium alloy composite cantilever beam is developed, and its capability is optimized from the aspects of bias magnetic field and the number of active layers. To solve the issue of low and irregular output voltage, it designs a converter suitable for a low-power harvester to make full use of the generated electric energy. A set of AC–DC converters with two working modes is designed by using the multiple voltage rectification method, which is able to directly drive low power load or store energy to supply power to higher power load. Through theoretical simulation and experiment, the converter’s characteristics, such as rectifier and filter characteristics, energy storage, and release process are systematically studied and tested. 1 V AC output voltage of the harvester is able to be converted into 5 V DC voltage after being processed by the converter. The proposed harvester provides an excellent vibration harvesting capacity that the AC normalized power density (power density per volume and acceleration) reaches 7.4 mW/(cm3/g). The harvesting system with the two-mode converter has achieved a high normalized DC output power vs AC input voltage of 630 µW/V. We have applied the harvester and converter for a low power electronic meter, which can work normally and display the time, temperature, and humidity in the laboratory. In addition, we have also applied the harvesting system for a higher power (1.2 W) electric fan with a universal serial bus (USB) port. After battery charging and IP5306 voltage boosting, the harvester meets the normal operation requirements of an electric fan with a USB port and it is able to operate normally.
Highlights
The Internet of things (IoT) is a key technology to realize smart cities, with IoT elements including sensors, actuators, gateways, and lightweight applications operating separately from cloud services
A magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester based on an iron–gallium alloy composite cantilever beam is developed, and its capability is optimized from the aspects of bias magnetic field and the number of active layers
Its working principle is based on the Villari effect of magnetostrictive materials (MsMs) to achieve the harvesting of vibration energy, which utilizes the magnetic field change caused by structure vibration, and generates the electromotive force in pick-up coils
Summary
The Internet of things (IoT) is a key technology to realize smart cities, with IoT elements including sensors, actuators, gateways, and lightweight applications operating separately from cloud services (such as storage and data processing). The MsM harvester is inductive, which can provide low impedance at the fundamental frequency of common structural vibration sources It does not require large matching impedance and can directly supply power for electrical load. Its working principle is based on the Villari effect of MsMs to achieve the harvesting of vibration energy, which utilizes the magnetic field change caused by structure vibration, and generates the electromotive force in pick-up coils This device produces basically small AC voltage, usually tens of millivolts to several volts, and low power of tens of microwatts or milliwatts. To solve the issue of low and irregular output voltage and make full use of the generated electric energy, it designs an efficient AC–DC converter with two working modes suitable for a low-power harvester, which can promote the practicality of the vibration harvester. It provides an effective and feasible method of signal conversion and energy storage for promoting the practical application of the magnetostrictive iron–gallium harvester
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